Изучение санскрита - Глаголы - 2 (русский) (I)

Глаголы: Настоящее время - Примеры 1 (GAṆA-S или классы 1, 4, 6 и 10)

 Introduction

Hi, Gabriel Pradīpaka, once more. This document is the first one with examples of roots belonging to Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10 being conjugated in the Present Tense. As you surely know, the roots residing in those four Gaṇa-s or Houses have their bases unchangeable. In other words, the base, once formed, does not change before the terminations. Besides, "a" is to be added to the base to form a kind of compound base. A summary now:

1) The base or "Aṅga" is unchangeable. Remember that the base is "generally" the very root but strengthened via Guṇa or Vṛddhi substitutions (or even some other alternative methods). Sometimes, the base coincides with the root.
2) The vowel "a" is added to the base to form a kind of "compound" base.

The rules to form a proper base are as follows: 

And the terminations to be used are the following:

Finally, here you are the well-known table to form Guṇa and Vṛddhi:

I will not be adding any of these charts every time a root is being conjugated, but I will add the link Rules so many times as necessary so that you may consult the charts when you are in need of more information. Let us get down to work.

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 Gaṇa or House 1

In Verbs (2) (English), I taught you how to conjugate the following roots: "purv" (to fill), "laṣ" (to desire) and "īkṣ" (to see). Now, I will teach you how to conjugate the following five roots:

1. "bhū" (to become, etc.) - Only Parasmaipada (rarely Ātmanepada)
2. "budh" (to know, etc) - Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada
3. "nī" (to guide, etc.) - Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada
4. "urd" (to measure, etc.) - Only Ātmanepada
5. "lumb" (to torment, etc.) - Only Parasmaipada

Let us start:

भू - Bhū (to become, etc.) - Only Parasmaipada (rarely Ātmanepada)

1) Forming the base (See Rules): "bhū" changes to "bho" [by (a), 1^st (Bhvādi) in Rules]. Then, "a" is added to form the compound base: "bhoa" ("oa" combination is not permitted by the 1^st Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi). Therefore, "bhoa" is to change to "bhava" by transforming "o" into "av" according to the 6^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi. So, the compound base is "bhava". The final step is to add the terminations. A summary of the process to form the compound base:

bhū » bho » bho + a » bhoa » bhava

2) Adding terminations:

Note that as "v" in "vas(ḥ)" and "vahe" is a Semivowel and "m" in "mi", "mas(ḥ)" and "mahe" is a Nasal, "a" must be lengthened before those endings by (2) --Common Features-- in Rules.

बुध् - Budh (to know, etc.) - Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada

1) Forming the base (See Rules): "budh" changes to "bodh" [by (b), 1^st (Bhvādi) in Rules]. Note that "u" is actually the penultimate letter of the root, since "dh" is an "entire" letter and not d + h, got it? Then, "a" is added to form the compound base: "bodha" So, the compound base is "bodha". The final step is to add the terminations. A summary of the process to form the compound base:

budh » bodh » bodh + a » bodha

2) Adding terminations:

Note that as "v" in "vas(ḥ)" and "vahe" is a Semivowel and "m" in "mi", "mas(ḥ)" and "mahe" is a Nasal, "a" must be lengthened before those endings by (2) --Common Features-- in Rules.

नी - Nī (to guide, etc.) - Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada

1) Forming the base (See Rules): "nī" changes to "ne" [by (a), 1^st (Bhvādi) in Rules]. Then, "a" is added to form the compound base: "nea" ("ea" combination is not permitted by the 1^st Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi). Therefore, "nea" is to change to "naya" by transforming "e" into "ay" according to the 6^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi. So, the compound base is "naya". The final step is to add the terminations. A summary of the process to form the compound base:

nī » ne » ne + a » nea » naya

2) Adding terminations:

Note that as "v" in "vas(ḥ)" and "vahe" is a Semivowel and "m" in "mi", "mas(ḥ)" and "mahe" is a Nasal, "a" must be lengthened before those endings by (2) --Common Features-- in Rules.

उर्द् - Urd (to measure, etc.) - Only Ātmanepada

1) Forming the base (See Rules): "urd" changes to "ūrd" [by (3), --Common Features-- in Rules]. Note that "u" is not the penultimate letter and you cannot transform it into its Guṇa form by (b) --1^st Bhvādi-- in Rules. However, when you have to apply some of the rules to be found in Common Features (see Rules), you may consider "rd" to be an entire letter, as it were, and thus "u" would act as the penultimate letter there. This consideration may seem strange, but it works and is commonly used. Then, "a" is added to form the compound base: "ūrda". So, the compound base is "ūrda". The final step is to add the terminations. A summary of the process to form the compound base:

urd » ūrd » ūrd + a » ūrda

2) Adding terminations:

Note that as "v" in "vahe" is a Semivowel and "m" in "mahe" is a Nasal, "a" must be lengthened before those endings by (2) --Common Features-- in Rules.

लुम्ब् - Lumb (to torment, etc.) - Only Parasmaipada

1) Forming the base (See Rules): "lumb" does not undergo any changes, since "u" is neither at the end of the root nor is the penultimate letter. Besides, no rules in Common Features (see Rules), except (2) when conjugated, may be applied to it. Then, "a" is added to form the compound base: "lumba". So, the compound base is "lumba". The final step is to add the terminations. A summary of the process to form the compound base:

lumb » lumb + a » lumba

2) Adding terminations:

Note that as "v" in "vas(ḥ)" is a Semivowel and "m" in "mi" and "mas(ḥ)" is a Nasal, "a" must be lengthened before those endings by (2) --Common Features-- in Rules.

to be continued

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 Further Information

Этот документ был составлен Габриэлем Pradīpaka, одним из двух основателей этого сайта, духовным гуру, экспертом в санскрите и философии Трика.

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