Изучение санскрита - Фразы 1 (русский)

Известные фразы - Часть 1

 Introduction

Hi, Gabriel Pradīpaka once more. Note that by "common phrases" I will also include mere "words" (e.g. "yes"), which are equally usual. I will order everything by using "sets" of twenty phrases. Maybe in the future, I will find a better way to order them in different categories, but for the time being, I prefer to do it so.

For the transliteration, I will use IAST (the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, which allows the proper accentuation to be clearly shown, if there is any, e.g. "sādhu" - "well done!") and ITRANS so that you can copy the phrase and then you paste it in the ITRANS windows of Itranslator99/2003 software in order to get a particular phrase in original Sanskrit and international transliteration (IAST), if you wish so. There is an example on how to do it with Itranslator 99 regarding Sanskrit names, but it is also valid "in general" for these common phrases and the other versions of Itranslator. Just copy the phrase in ITRANS and follow the same procedure as explained in that document. If there are any doubts, tell me.

Remember that Sanskrit words generally undergo a process of metamorphosis when they form a phrase or sentence according to definite rules of Sandhi or combination. Anyway, my word-by-word translation will always tend to include their crude forms, i.e. without any mutation. Hence you will note that the words in the translation look mostly different when compared to those of the phrase.

A last thing: I will added clickable notes containing more explanatory information when necessary. Also, there will be often several ways to express something, as the Sanskrit vocabulary is much larger than the English one, but I will have to "only" include the most common ones for the sake of convenience.

Important: All that is in brackets and italicized within the translation has been added by me in order to complete the sense of a particular phrase or sentence.

Let us get down to work!

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 Set of common phrases

¹  It is a particle of negation or prohibition in an imperative sense for the most part. For example: "Mā me vadhīḥ" - "Do not (mā) slay (vadhīḥ) me (me)!". Or else: "Jagati duḥkhaṁ mā bhūt" - "Let there not be (mā bhūt) pain (duḥkham) in the world (jagati)!". In the latter example, "mā" is the "let... not", while "bhūt" is... "there be", as it were. The matter of "bhūt" meaning "there be" is not exactly so, of course, but it is a little more complicated. Anyway, that grammatical subtlety is not relevant here. And of course, "mā" may also be used in other multiple ways, but the ones I pointed out are enough in this context. 

²  In this case, the sense is not imperative as before. For example: "Na sa gāyati" - "He (saḥ) (does) not (na) sing (gāyati)". 

³  In an imperative sense. 

⁴  In a benedictive sense, i.e. as a blessing. 

⁵  Note that I had to translate the entire greeting in Sanskrit. Of course that you will generally say "Good morning" plainly, but in Sanskrit is usual to express the greeting that way. In this case it is addressed to just one person. If you only say "Śubhaṁ prabhātam", it may also means "A good (śubham) morning (prabhātam)", but the inclusion of "te" (to you) clearly indicates that it is a greeting addressed to one person, got it? The same thing is true for the rest of greetings (good afternoon, good evening, hello, etc.). Remember this, please. 

⁶  Ditto note 5 for the most part. The only difference is that in this case the greeting is addressed to two people, which is indicated by the enclitic particle "vām". 

⁷  Ditto note 5 for the most part. The only difference is that in this case the greeting is addressed to three or more people, which is indicated by the enclitic particle "vas/ḥ". 

⁸  Though there are other ways to express gratitude, this is the most common. However, the best feature of it is its being impersonal, i.e. you can equally use it when you address one, two or more people. Of course, if you want to express "we thank you", you should turn the expression "Anugṛhīto'smi" into "Anugṛhītāḥ smaḥ": "Obliged (anugṛhītāḥ) we are (smaḥ)", and so on with the rest of persons and numbers (you, they, etc.), i.e. by applying the right declension to "anugṛhīta" and conjugating the verb "as" (to be) adequately. 

⁹  I will show you five ways to tell "I love you (one person) - I love you both (two people) - I love you all (three or more people... in fact, I add "all" to indicate that they are more than two people, got it?... keep this in mind always, please)", i.e. in singular, dual and plural number. I will use five types of verbs meaning "to love": "prema kṛ", "anurāgavat bhū", "prī", "anurañj" and "prema anubhū" (the latter literally means "to experience love"). All verbs, expect for "anurāgavat bhū", will be conjugated equally in 1^st Person singular (I). However, "anurāgavat bhū" has two forms: "anurāgavān bhū" (masculine, i.e. if I a man who loves) and "anurāgavatī bhū" (femenine, i.e. if I am a woman who loves... oh well, this will be pretty embarrassing to me, hehe). Keep this in mind, please. Believe it or not, there are even other ways to say the same phrase, but five is enough for the time being, isn't it? Oh, Sanskrit is so vast! 

¹⁰  The term "kīdṛśī" literally means "what like?", and not merely "what?". Hence I had to add "like" at the end of the phrase to make my translation even more accurate. 

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 Further Information

Этот документ был составлен Габриэлем Pradīpaka, одним из двух основателей этого сайта, духовным гуру, экспертом в санскрите и философии Трика.

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