Изучение санскрита - Склонение - 1

Склонение: окончания

 Introduction

Hi, Gabriel Pradīpaka once again. This document is merely a compilation of sets of endings or terminations for regular nouns and adjectives ending in vowel and consonant. The main purpose of it is to help you during your study of the Sanskrit declension. Take this document as a useful tool and a complement to those documents dealing with Sanskrit declension. It is also a useful document if you are studying Sanskrit translation and do not remember a particular termination.

Keep in mind that these are the terminations to be used with regular nouns and adjectives, but they will also very often have to undergo a series of changes according to the Rules of Sandhi. There are several specific rules to be followed too. This kind of changes cannot be explained here, of course, but you will have to resort to the subsection Declension within the Sanskrit section for that information. Also, the general case terminations to be used with nouns and adjectives ending in k, kh, g, gh.... ś, ṣ and h are exactly like that, i.e. "general". There will to make be some changes in the real world, you know. For example, "s" (Nominative termination, singular number and masculine/feminine in gender) is for the most part dropped. There some other changes too. So, be on your toes when using those terminations, please, unless you are quite a Sanskrit scholar and exactly know what you are doing.

I will put "all" terminations in this document, that is, those taught by me to date and those that I have not taught you yet. I am doing so because I do not want you to think that I do not know the rest of terminations. I did the same thing as to verbs here for the same reason! Yes, I know them, be sure, hehe. Joking apart, please, calm down and do not start counting the terminations or you will go mad shortly. Yes, there are an insane number of them. Hey, smile and be happy, God loves you, haha.

Important:

1) The terminations I am showing here are meant to replace the final vowel (a, ā, i, u, etc.) or "at, an, in, vas (ivas) and yas (īyas)" and then "maybe" you will have to make some changes according to Sandhi Rules [e.g. as regards a neuter noun ending in "i" such as "vāri" --water--, its Instrumental case (sing.) is formed by replacing the final "i" with "inā": "vārinā", but by the 18^th Rule of Consonant Sandhi, "n" is to be changed to "ṇ". Thus, the final result is: "vāriṇā"... be careful then when applying terminations to the nouns and adjectives as those endings are in their "crude" form, that is, without any Sandhi Rules being considered].

2) The only exceptions to this rule are "General case terminations if the nouns and adjectives end in k, kh, g, gh.... ś, ṣ and h" and "Nouns and adjectives ending in the consonant: s". In these particular cases, you have to add the termination to the noun or adjective ending in any of those consonants without removing them (i.e. without removing k, kh, g, gh.... ś, ṣ, h or s), and then make the respective changes according to the Sandhi Rules and some other rules too that I cannot teach you in this document. Any other specification or exception will be given in the tables themselves below, do not worry. Keep this in mind, please.

3) Also, not all types of nouns and adjectives support the three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter). For example, the "normal" nouns ending in "ū" are only feminine, but if derived from roots (root nouns), they may also be masculine. Regarding root nouns there are other possible endings too. Besides, there are other nouns that when belong to the neuter gender, change their last vowel [e.g. "se" (one who serves) is changed to "si" and declined like if it were a neuter noun ending in "i". Strange, isn't it?]. Therefore, do not e-mail me to warn me about some "missing" gender or termination except you know what you are saying, please (of course, I accept e-mails informing on typos, because the amount of terminations is really insane and I might have made some mistakes of that kind as I almost had a heart attack in the process, hehe). Thus, I am only specifying the "usual" terminations, and not all genders are supported sometimes. If you are doubtful with reference to a termination, consult the Declension documents (Sanskrit/Declension in the main menu), because it is there where I go into details about declension. On the other hand, there are several nouns and adjectives that do not follow any established set of terminations or rules... that is why I wrote in the above index "Regular nouns and adjectives".

4) Finally, once again remember that this document is only exhibiting the sets of terminations. How these terminations are added to the noun or adjective and so on, is explained in the respective Declension documents.

The terminations now.

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "a"

MASCULINE

NEUTER

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "Ā"

MASCULINE

FEMININE

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "i"

MASCULINE

FEMININE

NEUTER

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "u"

MASCULINE

FEMININE

NEUTER

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "Ī"

MASCULINE

FEMININE

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "Ū"

FEMININE

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "Ṛ"

MASCULINE

NEUTER

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "e"

MASCULINE AND FEMININE

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "ai"

MASCULINE AND FEMININE

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "O"

MASCULINE AND FEMININE

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 Normal Nouns and adjectives ending in "AU"

MASCULINE AND FEMININE

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 Nouns derived from roots ending in "Ī"

MASCULINE

FEMININE

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 Nouns derived from roots ending in"Ū"

MASCULINE

FEMININE

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 General case terminations if the nouns and adjectives end in K, Kh, G, Gh, C, Ch, J, Jh, Ṭ, Ṭh, Ḍ, Ḍh, Ṇ, T, Th, D, Dh, P, Ph, B, Bh, R, Ś, Ṣ and h

MASCULINE AND FEMININE

NEUTER

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 Nouns and adjectives ending in the consonant "S"

MASCULINE AND FEMININE

NEUTER

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 Nouns and adjectives ending in "AT"

MASCULINE (NORMAL NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES)

NEUTER (NORMAL NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES)

MASCULINE (PARTICIPLES ENDING IN AT)

NEUTER (PARTICIPLES ENDING IN AT)

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 Nouns and adjectives ending in "AN"

MASCULINE ("AN" NOT BEING PRECEDED BY A CONJUNCT --AGGLUTINATE CONSONANTS--
ENDING IN "M" OR "V" --e.g. HM, TM, ETC.--)

NEUTER ("AN" NOT BEING PRECEDED BY A CONJUNCT --AGGLUTINATE CONSONANTS--
ENDING IN "M" OR "V" --e.g. HM, TM, ETC.--)

MASCULINE ("AN" BEING PRECEDED BY A CONJUNCT --AGGLUTINATE CONSONANTS--
ENDING IN "M" OR "V" --e.g. HM, TM, ETC.--)

NEUTER ("AN" BEING PRECEDED BY A CONJUNCT --AGGLUTINATE CONSONANTS--
ENDING IN "M" OR "V" --e.g. HM, TM, ETC.--)

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 Nouns and adjectives ending in "IN"

MASCULINE

NEUTER

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 Nouns and adjectives ending in "VAS (IVAS)"

MASCULINE ENDING IN VAS
(for those ending in "ivas", just replace "vas" with the terminations
below and leave "i" as such, i.e. no changes)

NEUTER ENDING IN VAS
(for those ending in "ivas", just replace "vas" with the terminations
below and leave "i" as such, i.e. no changes)

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 Nouns and adjectives ending in "YAS (ĪYAS) "

MASCULINE ENDING IN YAS
(for those ending in "īyas", just replace "yas" with the terminations
below and leave "ī" as such, i.e. no changes)

NEUTER ENDING IN YAS
(for those ending in "īyas", just replace "yas" with the terminations
below and leave "ī" as such, i.e. no changes)

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 Further information

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