Tanulj Szanszkritul - Kombinációk (3)

Magánhangzó sandhi - 3. Rész - (Másodlagos szabályok)

 Introduction

Hi, this is Gabriel Pradīpaka again. We will continue to learn Vowel Sandhi, but Secondary Rules now. Remember the three kinds of Sandhi:

1) Vowel Combinations (Vowel Sandhi)

2) Visarga Combinations (Visarga Sandhi)

3) Consonant Combinations (Consonant Sandhi)

We are studying Vowel Combinations (Vowel Sandhi). There are many, many secondary rules, but I have chosen only seven very usual ones. The rest is not used often.

Some rules are exceptions of primary ones, but others are an optional way. Very easy, indeed.

However, before beginning with our study, remember the following table:

Besides, it is available now a page with plenty of examples for every rule which has been taught. Click here.

Let's begin our study right now.

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 1^st Secondary Rule

A usual rule to be always kept in mind. Study it attentively!:

Look at the following table:

Two examples for every case:

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 2^nd Secondary Rule

A usual rule to be always kept in mind. Study it attentively!:

This is an additional rule to the 3^rd Primary Rule:

If a simple vowel (not a diphthong), short or long, be followed by a similar vowel, short or long, both of them will merge into the similar long vowel.

According to the latter: (a, ā) + (a, ā) = ā; (i, ī) + (i, ī) = ī; (u, ū) + (u, ū)= ū; (ṛ, ṝ) + (ṛ, ṝ) = ṝ; (ṛ, ṝ) + (ḷ) = ṝ. The last case is rather a special one. Since there is no long ḷ (that is, ḹ), ṝ is to be used as resulting combination. In short, as for the letters ṛ and ḷ, short or long, the 3^rd Primary Rule states that:

ṛ + ṛ = ṝ; ṛ + ṝ = ṝ; ṝ + ṛ = ṝ; ṝ + ṝ = ṝ; ṛ + ḷ = ṝ and ṝ + ḷ = ṝ. However, this additional rule (2^nd Secondary Rule) gives an optional way:

ṛ + ṛ = ṛ or ṛ + ṛ = ṛ + ṛ (no change); and ṛ + ḷ = ḷ or ṛ + ḷ = ṛ + ḷ (no change). The combination ḷ + ṛ is almost nonexistent, and ḷ + ḷ = ṝ, according to the 3^rd Primary Rule because there is no ḹ in Szanszkrit, except in a theoretical way.

Look at the following table:

One example for every case. I will use the combinations hotṛ + ṛkāra and ḷkāra. According to the 3^rd Primary Rule, the resulting combination is "hotṝkāra" for both of cases, but according to this 2^nd Secondary Rule the resulting combinations are as follows:

Note that the optional forms "hotṛṛkāra" and "hotṛḷkāra" are exceptions for the 1^st Primary Rule, which reads: "Two Szanszkrit vowels cannot be placed together (one following the other)."

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 3^rd Secondary Rule

This is a good rule to be reminded:

This rule describes how to combine the sacred word Om with a final "a". Om is the Absolute, Om is God, Om is the Supreme Self. There is nothing beyond Om. What is the point of saying much about it?

The word "ā" is used usually as a prefix to verbs in order to add the sense of "near, near to, toward", but it also may mean: "up to, from, from among, out of, fully, really, indeed, etc.":

And now two simple examples of every case:

Simple!

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 4^th Secondary Rule

An optional rule:

This rule is a kind of complement of the 4^th Primary Rule, although it may be applied to any consonant (except "h") other than "y, v, r and l" provided that it is coming after "h" or "r". Let us see how it works in its general form, even though it is very often used only with Semivowels substitution:

Good, and now two examples:

Despite this rule describes how to combine a consonant and a vowel "under certain conditions", the consonant is very often a Semivowel, and Semivowels (y, v, r and l) appear generally as a result of the direct use of the 4^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi. That's why I have included it here and not in Consonant Sandhi. Of course, the same rule may be used with any consonant (except "h") other than Semivowels.

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 5^th Secondary Rule

A very important rule indeed:

The 4^th Primary Rule stated that "When "i-ī, u-ū, ṛ-ṝ and ḷ" are followed by a dissimilar vowel, then "y, v, r and l" are respectively substituted for them.", and now you have an optional way provided that those vowels are not in a compound. Besides, it states that if one uses this rule and consequently does not combine the vowels, "ī, ū, ṝ" must be shortened. Good! And now let us see a simple summary of the rule:

Two simple examples now:

Oh, mother Szanszkrit! You are so complicated and beautiful at the same time. Quite a woman! Ha ha! Joking apart, these rules will prove very useful later, you will see.

Note that in either examples you cannot use the 4^th Secondary Rule previously studied because the resulting "y" does not come after "h" or "r" but "t" and "g" respectively. Very good!

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 6^th Secondary Rule

Another crucial rule to be borne in mind:

A very important rule which is an exception to the 2^nd and 4^th Primary Rules respectively. It is optionally applied to the aforesaid combinations of "a-ā", "i-ī", "u-ū" and "ḷ-ḹ" (although "ḹ" is practically nonexistent) with "ṛ". If the first vowel is a long one, it must be shortened.

Two simple examples now:

It has been a simple rule.

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 7^th Secondary Rule

A minor rule, but it should be borne in mind though:

It is a very simple rule too.

That is, no combination and no changes at all. A couple examples of the rule and one example of the exception now:

Pretty rule, doesn't it?

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 Concluding remarks

You have learnt now the most important secondary rules of Vowel Sandhi. There are a few more, but they are neither essential nor are frequently needed. This document along with the first two documents of Sandhi (dealing with the primary rules of Vowel Sandhi) are a kind of compendium. Study them over and over again, so that you may understand fully their purport. If you want to be a translator in the future, it is absolutely indispensable to know these rules of Sandhi or combination. You will also have to learn the rules of Visarga and Consonant Sandhi, of course. These rules are explained in subsequent documents after the current one. Check them out.

And I have created a document with plenty of examples in order to make things any easier for you. The Sandhi subject is somewhat difficult, but not impossible at all. It is vital to study it thoroughly or no translation will be possible for you. Go to the document with examples right now. There is an additional link at the beginning of this document. See you!

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 Further information

Ezt a dokumentumot Gabriel Pradīpaka, a website egyik társalapítója készítette, aki spirituális guru és aki a Szanszkrit nyelv és a Trika filozófiai rendszerben jártas.

Szanszkrit, Yoga és indiai filozófiával kapcsolatosan, vagy ha csupán hozzászólni, kérdezni szeretnél, esetleg hibára felhívni a figyelmet, bátran lépj kapcsolatba velünk: Ez az e-mail címünk.