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Learning Sanskrit - Verbs - 1 (Hindi)

Verbs: Terminations

Introduction
Present Tense (Laṭ)
Imperfect Tense (Laṅ)
Imperative Mood (Loṭ)
Potential Mood (Vidhiliṅ)
Periphrastic Future Tense (Luṭ)

Simple Future Tense (Ḷṭ)
Conditional Mood (Ḷṅ)
Perfect Tense (Liṭ)
Aorist Tense (Luṅ)
Benedictive Mood (Āśirliṅ)
Further Information

Introduction

Hi, Gabriel Pradīpaka once again. This document is merely a compilation of sets of endings or terminations. The main purpose of it is to help you during your study of the Sanskrit verbs. Take this document as a useful tool and a complement to those documents dealing with Sanskrit verbs. It is also a useful document if you are studying Sanskrit translation and do not remember a particular termination. This is unforgivable, because there are only about 324 different terminations. How might you forget one termination when there is just a little handful of them to remember? What kind of translator are you with such a weak memory? Unforgivable!

Joking apart, also remember that the only two Tenses and two Moods affected by the 10 Gaṇa-s or Houses are Present and Imperfect Tenses, along with Imperative and Potential Moods. The rest of Tenses and Moods are not affected by that division into Gaṇa-s or Houses.

I will put "all" terminations in this document, that is, those taught by me to date and those that I have not taught you yet. I am doing that because I do not want you to think that I do not know the rest of terminations. Yes, I know them, be sure. Please, calm down and do not start counting the terminations. Yes, there are "too many"... but remember that you are studying the worst part of Sanskrit grammar: Sanskrit Verbs. Hey, smile and be happy, God loves you, haha. You may check the Aorist Tense if you like to go adventuring.

Ah!, the terminations of the Vedic Subjunctive Tense is not being included for the time being.

Finally, remember that this document is only exhibiting the sets of terminations. How these terminations are added to the root and so on, is explained in the respective Verbs documents. The only exception has been the Periphrastic Perfect Tense (included in the Perfect Tense), as I had to explain why it has no terminations of his own. The terminations now.

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Present Tense (LAṬ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE PRESENT TENSE ONLY FOR GAṆA-S 1, 4, 6 AND 10
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	मि	वस् - वः	मस् - मः	इ	वहे	महे
1^st Person	mi	vas(ḥ)*	mas(ḥ)*	i	vahe	mahe
2^nd Person	सि	थस् - थः	थ	से	इथे	ध्वे
2^nd Person	si	thas(ḥ)*	tha	se	ithe	dhve
3^rd Person	ति	तस् - तः	अन्ति	ते	इते	अन्ते
3^rd Person	ti	tas(ḥ)*	anti	te	ite	ante
* (ḥ) is added for showing that Visarga must be substituted for "s" on certain occasions according to the rules of Visarga Sandhi

	TERMINATIONS OF THE PRESENT TENSE ONLY FOR GAṆA-S 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 AND 9
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	मि	वस् - वः	मस् - मः	ए	वहे	महे
1^st Person	mi	vas(ḥ)*	mas(ḥ)*	e	vahe	mahe
2^nd Person	सि	थस् - थः	थ	से	आथे	ध्वे
2^nd Person	si	thas(ḥ)*	tha	se	āthe	dhve
3^rd Person	ति	तस् - तः	अन्ति	ते	आते	अते
3^rd Person	ti	tas(ḥ)*	anti	te	āte	ate
* (ḥ) is added for showing that Visarga must be substituted for "s" on certain occasions according to the rules of Visarga Sandhi

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Imperfect Tense (LAṄ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE ONLY FOR GAṆA-S 1, 4, 6 AND 10
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	अम्	व	म	इ	वहि	महि
1^st Person	am	va	ma	i	vahi	mahi
2^nd Person	स् - :	तम्	त	थास् - थाः	इथाम्	ध्वम्
2^nd Person	s(ḥ)*	tam	ta	thās(ḥ)*	ithām	dhvam
3^rd Person	त्	ताम्	अन्	त	इताम्	अन्त
3^rd Person	t	tām	an	ta	itām	anta
* (ḥ) is added for showing that Visarga must be substituted for "s" on certain occasions according to the rules of Visarga Sandhi

	TERMINATIONS OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE ONLY FOR GAṆA-S 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 AND 9
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	अम्	व	म	इ	वहि	महि
1^st Person	am	va	ma	i	vahi	mahi
2^nd Person	स् - :	तम्	त	थास् - थाः	आथाम्	ध्वम्
2^nd Person	s(ḥ)*	tam	ta	thās(ḥ)*	āthām	dhvam
3^rd Person	त्	ताम्	अन्	त	आताम्	अत
3^rd Person	t	tām	an	ta	ātām	ata
* (ḥ) is added for showing that Visarga must be substituted for "s" on certain occasions according to the rules of Visarga Sandhi

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Imperative Mood (LOṬ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD ONLY FOR GAṆA-S 1, 4, 6 AND 10
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	आनि	आव	आम	ऐ	आवहै	आमहै
1^st Person	āni	āva	āma	ai	āvahai	āmahai
2^nd Person	nothing or तात्	तम्	त	स्व	इथाम्	ध्वम्
2^nd Person	nothing or "tāt"¹	tam	ta	sva	ithām	dhvam
3^rd Person	तु or तात्	ताम्	अन्तु	ताम्	इताम्	अन्ताम्
3^rd Person	tu or "tāt"¹	tām	antu	tām	itām	antām
¹ The termination "tāt" is "optionally" used when you want to express a blessing

	TERMINATIONS OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD ONLY FOR GAṆA-S 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 AND 9
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	आनि	आव	आम	ऐ	आवहै	आमहै
1^st Person	āni	āva	āma	ai	āvahai	āmahai
2^nd Person	हि	तम्	त	स्व	आथाम्	ध्वम्
2^nd Person	hi	tam	ta	sva	āthām	dhvam
3^rd Person	तु	ताम्	अन्तु	ताम्	आताम्	अताम्
3^rd Person	tu	tām	antu	tām	ātām	atām

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Potential Mood (VIDHILIṄ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE POTENTIAL MOOD ONLY FOR GAṆA-S 1, 4, 6 AND 10
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	ईयम्	ईव	ईम	ईय	ईवहि	ईमहि
1^st Person	īyam	īva	īma	īya	īvahi	īmahi
2^nd Person	ईः	ईतम्	ईत	ईथाः	ईयाथाम्	ईध्वम्
2^nd Person	īḥ	ītam	īta	īthāḥ	īyāthām	īdhvam
3^rd Person	ईत्	ईताम्	ईयुः	ईत	ईयाताम्	ईरन्
3^rd Person	īt	ītām	īyuḥ	īta	īyātām	īran

	TERMINATIONS OF THE POTENTIAL MOOD ONLY FOR GAṆA-S 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 AND 9
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	याम्	याव	याम	ईय	ईवहि	ईमहि
1^st Person	yām	yāva	yāma	īya	īvahi	īmahi
2^nd Person	यास् - याः	यातम्	यात	ईथाः	ईयाथाम्	ईध्वम्
2^nd Person	yās(ḥ)*	yātam	yāta	īthāḥ	īyāthām	īdhvam
3^rd Person	यात्	याताम्	युस्	ईत	ईयाताम्	ईरन्
3^rd Person	yāt	yātām	yus	īta	īyātām	īran
* (ḥ) is added for showing that Visarga must be substituted for "s" on certain occasions according to the rules of Visarga Sandhi

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Periphrastic Future Tense (LUṬ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE PERIPHRASTIC FUTURE TENSE
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	तास्मि	तास्वः	तास्मः	ताहे	तास्वहे	तास्महे
1^st Person	tāsmi	tāsvaḥ	tāsmaḥ	tāhe	tāsvahe	tāsmahe
2^nd Person	तासि	तास्थः	तास्थ	तासे	तासाथे	ताध्वे
2^nd Person	tāsi	tāsthaḥ	tāstha	tāse	tāsāthe	tādhve
3^rd Person	ता	तारौ	तारः	ता	तारौ	तारः
3^rd Person	tā	tārau	tāraḥ	tā	tārau	tāraḥ

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Simple Future Tense (ḶṬ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	स्यामि	स्यावः	स्यामः	स्ये	स्यावहे	स्यामहे
1^st Person	syāmi	syāvaḥ	syāmaḥ	sye	syāvahe	syāmahe
2^nd Person	स्यसि	स्यथः	स्यथ	स्यसे	स्येथे	स्यध्वे
2^nd Person	syasi	syathaḥ	syatha	syase	syethe	syadhve
3^rd Person	स्यति	स्यतः	स्यन्ति	स्यते	स्येते	स्यन्ते
3^rd Person	syati	syataḥ	syanti	syate	syete	syante

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Conditional Mood (ḶṄ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	स्यम्	स्याव	स्याम	स्ये	स्यावहि	स्यामहि
1^st Person	syam	syāva	syāma	sye	syāvahi	syāmahi
2^nd Person	स्यः	स्यतम्	स्यत	स्यथाः	स्येथाम्	स्यध्वम्
2^nd Person	syaḥ	syatam	syata	syathāḥ	syethām	syadhvam
3^rd Person	स्यत्	स्यताम्	स्यन्	स्यत	स्येताम्	स्यन्त
3^rd Person	syat	syatām	syan	syata	syetām	syanta

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Perfect Tense (LIṬ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE REDUPLICATIVE PERFECT TENSE
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	अ	व	म	ए	वहे	महे
1^st Person	a	va	ma	e	vahe	mahe
2^nd Person	थ	अथुस् - अथुः	अ	से	आथे	ध्वे
2^nd Person	tha	athus(ḥ)*	a	se	āthe	dhve
3^rd Person	अ	अतुस् - अतुः	उस् - उः	ए	आते	इरे
3^rd Person	a	atus(ḥ)*	us(ḥ)*	e	āte	ire
* (ḥ) is added for showing that Visarga must be substituted for "s" on certain occasions according to the rules of Visarga Sandhi

No formal terminations

TERMINATIONS OF THE PERIPHRASTIC PERFECT TENSE

Periphrastic Perfect Tense does not have its own terminations, but it is formed from the particle "ām" (optionally changed to "āñ" before "c") plus the reduplicated Perfect of the roots "kṛ" (to do), "bhū" (to become) or "as" (to be). For example: the reduplicated Perfect of "kṛ" (3^rd person singular, Parasmaipada) is "cakāra". Now add "ām" to it: ām + cakāra = āṁcakāra or āñcakāra (this must be added to the root, which in turn undergoes some changes I explain to you in the respective document dealing with Periphrastic Perfect Tense). In Ātmanepada, the result would have been: "āṁcakre" or "āñcakre".

If I were to use the reduplicated Perfect of "bhū" and "as" instead, the result would be: "āmbabhūva" and "āmāsa" respectively. Since the root "bhū" is Parasmaipadī (rarely Ātmanepadī) and "as" is Ātmanepadī, there is only one set of terminations to be used in all situations. Thus, to form the Periphrastic Perfect Tense of any root taking either Parasmaipada (i.e. Parasmaipadī root) or Ātmanepada (i.e. Ātmanepadī root) or both, you have only one option if you use these roots.

On the contrary, the root "kṛ" accepts both Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada. So, if you use this root to form the Periphrastic Perfect Tense of any root, you must apply the corresponding Parasmaipadī or Ātmanepadī forms according to the situation. For instance, if the root is only Parasmaipadī, you only use the Parasmaipadī form of "kṛ". In turn, if it is only Ātmanepadī, you only use the Ātmanepadī form of "kṛ". And if it accepts both Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada, you must use the Parasmaipadī form of "kṛ" in Parasmaipada, and the Ātmanepadī form of "kṛ" in Ātmanepada. This is obvious and completely coherent, isn't it? Anything but simple... what a sick fellow I am!

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Aorist Tense (LUṄ)

1^st variety	TERMINATIONS OF THE AORIST TENSE
	Exclusively PARASMAIPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	अम्	व	म
1^st Person	am	va	ma
2^nd Person	स् - :	तम्	त
2^nd Person	s(ḥ)*	tam	ta
3^rd Person	त्	ताम्	अस् - अः
3^rd Person	t	tām	as(ḥ)*
* (ḥ) is added for showing that Visarga must be substituted for "s" on certain occasions according to the rules of Visarga Sandhi

2^nd variety	TERMINATIONS OF THE AORIST TENSE
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	अम्	व	म	इ	वहि	महि
1^st Person	am	va	ma	i	vahi	mahi
2^nd Person	स् - :	तम्	त	थास् - थाः	इथाम्	ध्वम्
2^nd Person	s(ḥ)*	tam	ta	thās(ḥ)*	ithām	dhvam
3^rd Person	त्	ताम्	अन्	त	इताम्	अन्त
3^rd Person	t	tām	an	ta	itām	anta
* (ḥ) is added for showing that Visarga must be substituted for "s" on certain occasions according to the rules of Visarga Sandhi

3^rd variety	TERMINATIONS OF THE AORIST TENSE
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	The same terminations as those belonging to the 2^nd variety, thank God!
2^nd Person
3^rd Person

4^th variety	TERMINATIONS OF THE AORIST TENSE
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	सम्	स्व	स्म	सि	स्वहि	स्महि
1^st Person	sam	sva	sma	si	svahi	smahi
2^nd Person	सीः	स्तम्	स्त	स्थाः	साथाम्	ध्वम्
2^nd Person	sīḥ	stam	sta	sthāḥ	sāthām	dhvam
3^rd Person	सीत्	स्ताम्	सुः	स्त	साताम्	सत
3^rd Person	sīt	stām	suḥ	sta	sātām	sata

5^th variety	TERMINATIONS OF THE AORIST TENSE
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	इषम्	इष्व	इष्म	इषि	इष्वहि	इष्महि
1^st Person	iṣam	iṣva	iṣma	iṣi	iṣvahi	iṣmahi
2^nd Person	ईः	इष्टम्	इष्ट	इष्ठाः	इषाथाम्	इध्वम्
2^nd Person	īḥ	iṣṭam	iṣṭa	iṣṭhāḥ	iṣāthām	idhvam
3^rd Person	ईत्	इष्टाम्	इषुः	इष्ट	इषाताम्	इषत
3^rd Person	īt	iṣṭām	iṣuḥ	iṣṭa	iṣātām	iṣata

6^th variety	TERMINATIONS OF THE AORIST TENSE
	Exclusively PARASMAIPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	सिषम्	सिष्व	सिष्म
1^st Person	siṣam	siṣva	siṣma
2^nd Person	सीः	सिष्टम्	सिष्ट
2^nd Person	sīḥ	siṣṭam	siṣṭa
3^rd Person	सीत्	सिष्टाम्	सिषुः
3^rd Person	sīt	siṣṭām	siṣuḥ

7^th variety	TERMINATIONS OF THE AORIST TENSE
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	सम्	साव	साम	सि	सावहि	सामहि
1^st Person	sam	sāva	sāma	si	sāvahi	sāmahi
2^nd Person	सः	सतम्	सत	सथाः	साथाम्	सध्वम्
2^nd Person	saḥ	satam	sata	sathāḥ	sāthām	sadhvam
3^rd Person	सत्	सताम्	सन्	सत	साताम्	सन्त
3^rd Person	sat	satām	san	sata	sātām	santa

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Benedictive Mood (ĀŚIRLIṄ)

	TERMINATIONS OF THE BENEDICTIVE MOOD
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	यासम्	यास्व	यास्म	सीय	सीवहि	सीमहि
1^st Person	yāsam	yāsva	yāsma	sīya	sīvahi	sīmahi
2^nd Person	याः	यास्तम्	यास्त	सीष्ठाः	सीयास्थाम्	सीध्वम्
2^nd Person	yāḥ	yāstam	yāsta	sīṣṭhāḥ	sīyāsthām	sīdhvam
3^rd Person	यात्	यास्ताम्	यासुः	सीष्ट	सीयास्ताम्	सीरन्
3^rd Person	yāt	yāstām	yāsuḥ	sīṣṭa	sīyāstām	sīran

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Further Information

This document was conceived by Gabriel Pradīpaka, one of the two founders of this site, and spiritual guru conversant with Sanskrit language and Trika philosophy.

For further information about Sanskrit, Yoga and Indian Philosophy; or if you simply want to comment, ask a question or correct a mistake, feel free to contact us: This is our e-mail address.