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Combination - 1
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Vowel Sandhi (Primary Rules)
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Vowel Sandhi (Secondary Rules)
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Visarga Sandhi
Learning Sanskrit - Combination - 1 (II)
Combination: EXAMPLES OF VOWEL SANDHI - Secondary Rules
1st Secondary Rule
1st Secondary Rule
When a dual form (verb, pronoun or noun) ends in "ī", "ū" or "e" is not to be combined, that is, no Sandhi is possible here. |
I have not marked anything with green color because there is no combination at all
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("ī", "ū" or "e" belonging to a dual form of a verb, pronoun or noun) + (any vowel) = no combination |
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ऋषी (ṛṣī) + अत्र (atra) = ऋषी अत्र (ṛṣī atra) |
ते (te) + इषू (iṣū) = ते इषू (te iṣū) |
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The two sages (ṛṣī) (are) here (atra) |
Those two (te) arrows (iṣū) |
चक्षाते (cakṣāte) + अरण्ये (araṇye) =
चक्षाते अरण्ये (cakṣāte araṇye) |
धेनू (dhenū) + आगच्छतः (āgacchataḥ) =
धेनू आगच्छतः (dhenū āgacchataḥ) |
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Both of them speak (cakṣāte) in the forest (araṇye) |
Two cows (dhenū) are coming (āgacchataḥ) |
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2nd Secondary Rule
2nd Secondary Rule
When "ṛ" or "ḷ" be followed by "ṛ" or "ḷ"; "ṛ" or "ḷ" may optionally be substituted for both. |
I have marked with green color the resulting combination.
Besides, I am giving examples about the combinations to be commonly found.
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ṛ + ṛ = ṛ or optionally "ṛ + ṛ" (of course, according to the 3rd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi, this combination would also result in "ṝ") |
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उद्गातृ (udgātṛ) + ऋकारः (ṛkāra) = उद्गातृकारः (udgātṛkāraḥ) or optionally उद्गातृऋकारः (udgātṛṛkāraḥ) |
होतृ (hotṛ) + ऋषिः (ṛṣi) = होतृषि (hotṛṣi) or optionally होतृऋषिः (hotṛṛṣiḥ) |
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The letter ṛ (ṛkāraḥ) (pronounced by) the priest chanting during the sacrifices (udgātṛ) |
A sage (ṛṣi) who is in charge of oblations during the sacrifices (hotṛ) |
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उद्गातृ (udgātṛ) + ऋतम् (ṛtam) = उद्गातृतम् (udgātṛtam) or optionally उद्गातृऋतम् (udgātṛṛtam) |
होतृ (hotṛ) + ऋक्षः (ṛkṣaḥ) = होतृक्षः (hotṛkṣaḥ) or optionally होतृऋक्षः (hotṛṛkṣaḥ) |
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A rule (ṛtam) intended for the priests chanting during the sacrifices (udgātṛ) |
The best (ṛkṣaḥ) among the priests in charge of offering oblations (hotṛ) |
I have marked with green color the resulting combination.
Besides, I am giving examples about the combinations to be commonly found.
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ṛ + ḷ = ḷ or optionally "ṛ + ḷ" (of course, according to the 3rd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi, this combination would also result in "ṝ") |
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उद्गातृ (udgātṛ) + ऌकारः (ḷkāra) = उद्गातॢकारः (udgātḷkāraḥ) or optionally उद्गातृऌकारः (udgātṛḷkāraḥ) |
मातृ (mātṛ) + ऌकारः (ḷkāraḥ) = मातॢकारः (mātḷkāraḥ) or optionally मातृऌकारः (mātriḷkāraḥ) |
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The letter ḷ (ḷkāraḥ) (pronounced by) the priest chanting during the sacrifices (udgātṛ) |
The letter ḷ (ḷkāraḥ) (pronounced by) a mother (mātṛ) |
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3rd Secondary Rule
3rd Secondary Rule
When "a" is followed by the sacred word "Om" or the word "ā", is dropped. |
I have marked with green color the resulting combination
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a + Om = Om |
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वासुदेवाय (vāsudevāya) + ओम् (Om) = वासुदेवायोम् (vāsudevāyom) |
गणेशाय (gaṇeśāya) + ओम् (Om) = गणेशायोम् (gaṇeśāyom) |
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To Vāsudeva --Kṛṣṇa-- (vāsudevāya), Om (Om) |
To Gaṇeśa --one of the sons of Śiva-- (gaṇeśāya), Om (Om) |
I have marked with green color the resulting combination
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a + ā = ā |
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कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) + आधेहि (ādhehi --ā + dhehi--) = कृष्णाधेहि (kṛṣṇādhehi) |
राम (rāma) + आदिश (ādiśa --ā + diśa--) = रामादिश (rāmādiśa) |
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Oh Kṛṣṇa (kṛṣṇa), place (something) (ādhehi)! |
Oh Rāma (rāma), indicate (something) (ādiśa)! |
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4th Secondary Rule
4th Secondary Rule
According to the 4th Primary Rule: "When "i-ī, u-ū, ṛ-ṝ and ḷ" are followed by a dissimilar vowel, then "y, v, r and l" are respectively substituted for them". In turn, these "y, v, r and l" may be optionally doubled if they come after "h" or "r". In fact, this very rule may be applied to any consonant except "h". |
I have marked with green color the resulting combination
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any consonant (except "h") coming after "h" or "r" + a vowel = that consonant may be optionally doubled |
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त्रि (tri) + अक्षः (akṣaḥ) = त्र्यक्षः (tryakṣaḥ) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but afterward "y" may be optionally doubled: त्र्य्यक्षः (tryyakṣaḥ) |
स्त्री (strī) + अनुजः (anujaḥ) = स्त्र्यनुजः (stryanujaḥ) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but afterward "y" may be optionally doubled: स्त्र्य्यनुजः (stryyanujaḥ) |
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Three-eyed (tri-akṣaḥ) |
A male child being born (anujaḥ) after a female child or sister (strī) |
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अहि (ahi) + अर्षुः (arṣuḥ) = अह्यर्षुः (ahyarṣuḥ) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but afterward "y" may be optionally doubled: अह्य्यर्षुः (ahyyarṣuḥ) |
आरु (āru) + अङ्गः (aṅgaḥ) = आर्वङ्गः (ārvaṅgaḥ) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but afterward "v" may be optionally doubled: आर्व्वङ्गः (ārvvaṅgaḥ) |
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Gliding or shooting (arṣuḥ) like a snake (ahi) |
One whose body (aṅgaḥ) is like that of a hog (āru) |
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बहु (bahu) + अर्थः (arthaḥ) = बह्वर्थः (bahvarthaḥ) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but afterward "v" may be optionally doubled: बह्व्वर्थः (bahvvarthaḥ) |
दारु (dāru) + आहारः (āhāraḥ) = दार्वाहारः (dārvāhāraḥ) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but afterward "v" may be optionally doubled: दार्व्वाहारः (dārvvāhāraḥ) |
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Having much (bahu) meaning (arthaḥ) |
A collector (āhāraḥ) of wood (dāru) |
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5th Secondary Rule
5th Secondary Rule
When "i-ī", "u-ū", "ṛ-ṝ" or "ḷ" at the end of a word are followed by a dissimilar vowel (except in a compound), are optionally not combined, and when so they are shortened if long. |
I have marked with green color the resulting combination, when any
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i-ī, u-ū, ṛ-ṝ and ḷ at the end of a word + a dissimilar vowel = i, u, ṛ or ḷ (the long vowels have been shortened) + a dissimilar vowel (this rule holds good provided that there is no compound being formed from the aforesaid vowels) |
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देवि (devi) + आदिश (ādiśa) = देव्यादिश (devyādiśa) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but, since this is not a compound, final "i" might optionally not be combined: देवि आदिश (devi ādiśa) |
स्त्री (strī) + अस्ति (asti) = स्त्र्यस्ति (stryasti) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but, since this is not a compound, final "ī" might optionally be not combined and then shortened: स्त्रि अस्ति (stri asti) |
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Oh goddess (devi), indicate (something) (ādiśa) |
There is (asti) a woman (strī) |
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मधु (madhu) + एव (eva) = मध्वेव (madhveva) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but, since this is not a compound, final "u" might optionally not be combined: मधु एव (madhu eva) |
चमू (camū) + अत्र (atra) = चम्वत्र (camvatra) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but, since this is not a compound, final "ū" might optionally be not combined and then shortened: चमु अत्र (camu atra) |
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Only (eva) honey (madhu) |
An army (camū) is here (atra) |
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कर्तृ (kartṛ) + आगच्छति (āgacchati) = कर्त्रागच्छति (kartrāgacchati) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but, since this is not a compound, final "ṛ" might optionally not be combined: कर्तृ आगच्छति (kartṛ āgacchati) |
नेतृ (netṛ) + अपि (api) = नेत्रपि (netrapi) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but, since this is not a compound, final "ṛ" might optionally not be combined: नेतृ अपि (netṛ api) |
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The doer or agent (kartṛ) is coming (āgacchati) |
A leader (netṛ) too (api) |
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6th Secondary Rule
6th Secondary Rule
When "a-ā", "i-ī", "u-ū" and "ḷ-ḹ" at the end of a word are followed by "ṛ" (short form only), are optionally not combined, and when so they are shortened if long. |
I have marked with green color the resulting combination, when any
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a-ā, i-ī, u-ū, ḷ-ḹ at the end of a word + ṛ = a, i, u and ḷ (the long vowels have been shortened) + ṛ (this is optional though and a complement to some Primary Rules of Vowel Sandhi) |
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महा (mahā) + ऋणम् (ṛṇam) = महर्णम् (maharṇam) --according to the 2nd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but the final "ā" might optionally not be combined and then shortened: महऋणम् (mahaṛṇam) |
देवी (devī) + ऋक्थः (ṛkthaḥ) = देव्यृक्थः (devyṛkthaḥ) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but the final "ī" might optionally not be combined and then shortened: देविऋक्थः (deviṛkthaḥ) |
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A big (mahā) debt (ṛṇam) |
The property (ṛkthaḥ) of the goddess (devī) |
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गुरु (guru) + ऋक्षः (ṛkṣaḥ) = गुर्वृक्षः (gurvṛkṣaḥ) --according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but the final "u" might optionally not be combined: गुरुऋक्षः (guruṛkṣaḥ) |
वधू (vadhū) + ऋद्धिः (ṛddhiḥ) = वध्वृद्धिः (vadhvṛddhiḥ)--according to the 4th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi--, but the final "ū" might optionally not be combined and then shortened: वधुऋद्धिः (vadhuṛddhiḥ) |
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The guru's (guru) bear (ṛkṣaḥ) |
The prosperity (ṛddhiḥ) of a wife (vadhū) |
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7th Secondary Rule
7th Secondary Rule
Words consisting of just a single vowel are not combined at all. The word "ā" is obviously also included, except when it means "a little" or "a limit", or when used as a preposition and it is followed by a vowel. |
I have marked with green color the resulting combination, when any
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words formed from a single vowel ("ā" included, except when it means "a little" or "a limit" o when used as a preposition and it is followed by a vowel) + any vowel = no combination at all |
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उ (u) + आगच्छ (āgaccha) = उ आगच्छ (u āgaccha) |
इ (i) + देव (deva) = इ देव (i deva) |
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Hey (u), come (āgaccha)! |
Oh (i), God (deva)! |
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आ (ā) + आम् (ām) = आ आम् (ā ām) |
आ (ā) + उष्णः (uṣṇaḥ) = ओष्णः (oṣṇaḥ); in this case "ā" must combine because it is used in the sense of "a little" |
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Ah (ā), yes (ām)! |
A little (ā) warm (uṣṇaḥ) |
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Further information
This document was conceived by Gabriel Pradīpaka, one of the two founders of this site, and spiritual guru conversant with Sanskrit language and Trika philosophy.
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