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Learning Sanskrit - Verbs (3)

Verbs -Roots with unchangeable bases (Part 2)-

Introduction
How to conjugate Verbs with unchangeable bases in Imperative Mood	Gaṇa 1
	Gaṇa 4
	Gaṇa 6
	Gaṇa 10

How to conjugate Verbs with unchangeable bases in Potential Mood	Gaṇa 1
	Gaṇa 4
	Gaṇa 6
	Gaṇa 10
Go to the "Examples" page Go to the "Terminations" page Concluding remarks Further Information

Introduction

Hi, Gabriel Pradīpaka again. The mountain is becoming more and more dangerous. The present stage is also steep and risky... a real pest, hehe. However, the victory is yours if you do not die in the process.

This document is the second part of the subject "Roots with unchangeable bases". These roots belong to the Gaṇa-s or Houses 1, 4, 6 and 10, and I can say that these four Houses comprise the vast majority of Sanskrit roots. In the first part of this study, you learnt how to conjugate those roots in both Present and Imperfect Tenses. Now, you will learn how to conjugate them in Imperative and Potential Moods. Remember that the category "Gaṇa" or "House" only affects those tenses and moods, that is, Present and Imperfect Tenses as well as Imperative and Potential Moods. But, for example, the Perfect Tense (remote past) is not affected by them. In other words, all roots will be dealt with in the same manner when you conjugate in that tense, despite they belong to this or that House. Aorist Tense (indefinite past) is another good example of what I am stating now, and so on.

Here you are the well-known table to form Guṇa and Vṛddhi:

**Gradations of Vowel Alternation**
Type	Vowels
WEAKENED GRADATION (simple vowels)	a	i-ī	u-ū	ṛ-ṝ	ḷ
STRENGTHENED GRADATION (Guṇa)	a	e	o	ar	al
PROTRACTED GRADATION (Vṛddhi)	ā	ai	au	ār	āl

As you know, in these 4 Houses (1, 4, 6 and 10), the original root or "Dhātu" must be somehow "strengthened" and turned into a base or "Aṅga" before adding any ending to it. Guṇa, and sometimes Vṛddhi too, are good means to do that. Do you remember the rules? Here you are just in case:

1) The base or "Aṅga" is unchangeable. Remember that the base is "generally" the very root but strengthened via Guṇa or Vṛddhi substitutions (or even some other alternative methods). Sometimes, the base coincides with the root.
2) The vowel "a" is added to the base to form a kind of "compound" base.

RULES TO FORM A BASE PROPERLY
GAṆA (HOUSE OR CLASS)	HOW TO	COMMON FEATURES
1^st (Bhvādi)	(a) If the root ends in a vowel, you have to turn this one into its Guṇa substitute. (b) If the penultimate letter of the root is a "short" vowel, you have to transform this vowel into its Guṇa substitute.	The vowel "a" must be added to the base to form a kind of "compound" base. However, this very "a" is (1) dropped before terminations beginning with "a", and (2) is lengthened before terminations beginning with a Semivowel, a Nasal, "jh" or "bh". Besides, (3) the penultimate "i", "u", "ṛ" or "ḷ" of a root must be lengthened when followed by "r" or "v" plus any consonant. Careful! Moreover, (4) when the vowel "ṝ" (long) occupies the penultimate or final position in a root and it does not take Guṇa or Vṛddhi or any other change (See 6^th Gaṇa), is to be changed to "ir" or to "ur" (only if a Labial or "v" precedes). In turn, "i" in "ir" and "u" in "ur" must be lengthened when "ir" or "ur" is followed by a consonant. Note that "y", which you add to a root of the 4^th Gaṇa to form the base might turned out to be that "additional" consonant which is mentioned in (3) and (4).
4^th (Divādi)	(a) Any vowel present in the root remains unchanged [except penultimate "i", "u", "ṛ" and "ḷ" when followed by "r" or "v" plus a consonant; and a penultimate or final "ṝ". See (3) and (4) in Common Features]. (b) The Semivowel "y" is added to the root.
6^th (Tudādi)	(a) If the penultimate letter of a the root is a vowel (short or long), it remains unchanged [except penultimate "i", "u", "ṛ" and "ḷ" when followed by "r" or "v" plus a consonant; and a penultimate "ṝ". See (3) and (4) in Common Features]. (b) If the final letter of the root is "i", "ī", "u", "ū", "ṛ" or "ṝ", it changes to "iy", "uv", "riy" and "ir" respectively. In other words, "i" and "ī" change to "iy"; "u" and "ū" change to "uv", while "ṛ" changes to "riy" and "ṝ" changes to "ir".
10^th (Curādi)	(a) If the penultimate letter of the root is a "short" vowel (except "a"), it takes the Guṇa substitute. (b) If the root has a final vowel or a penultimate "a", not prosodically long, all of them are to be turned into their respective Vṛddhi substitute. [A vowel is prosodically long when it is followed by two or more consonants; e.g. "a" in "mantra". Note that the penultimate "a" in "mantra" is not originally long, but it becomes so, as it were, because it is followed by three consonants (ntr)] (c) "ay" is to be ultimately added.
These are the rules. However, a few roots undergo some specific changes apart from those abovementioned. Do not worry, I will explain that to you in due course.

The same rules as in the Present Tense are to be followed to form the base in Imperative and Potential Moods. Thank God, there is no need to add an "augment" to the root as you did in the Imperfect Tense... but there will be some new gifts for you though... you will see. You surely thought that everything would be easy in the Imperative and Potential Moods, but no! Sanskrit grammar has once again managed to make your life even more miserable, hehe.

Ah!, two more things: 1) You will find here many examples of conjugation. 2) You will find a list of terminations here.

Let us get down to work!

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How to conjugate Verbs with unchangeable bases in Imperative Mood

The Imperative Mood in Sanskrit, apart from expressing "command" as in English language... here you are some new gifts... may express courteous request, benediction, gentle advice, etc. Thus, even though I will give the common translation as command in the first place, I will add other possible translations too... oh, my God! The alternative way to use the Imperative Mood follows these "simple" outlines... by "simple" I mean "complicated" as usual in Sanskrit grammar, hehe:

First person (singular, dual, plural): Apart from command, the Imperative Mood indicates question, capacity, necessity, etc. I will only show possible alternative translations expressing question, capacity and necessity.

Second person (singular, dual, plural): Apart from command, the Imperative Mood indicates entreaty, gentle advice, blessing, etc. I will only show possible alternative translations expressing entreaty, blessing and gentle advice.

Third person (singular, dual, plural): Apart from command, the Imperative Mood indicates blessing and gentle command. Of course, I will only show possible alternative translations expressing blessing and gentle command.

There are other additional ways to use Imperative Mood, but with these ones it is enough for the time being. Well, thank God you are studying verbs conjugated in Active Voice right now, because there are some alternative uses for the Imperative Mood in Passive Voice too. You will study Passive Voice later later later on, do not worry.

Besides, to make the things even worse, there is a new set of exclusive terminations for the Imperative Mood too. See below. And to ruin even your last hopes, hehe, there is an "optional" termination (tāt) that is solely used in the second and third persons singular (Parasmaipada) when you use the Imperative Mood in a benedictive way. Hey, get a soda and relax!, because it will be a long way...

Also, I want to tell you that I will extract the necessary information of the above table ("Rules to form a base properly"), in order to build a chart reminding you of the rules that govern every House or Gaṇa. Besides, I will also add a table, when necessary, containing the common features that the Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10 share with each other. Ah!, there is a chart with the respective terminations too. Well, it is time to start with the first Gaṇa (House or Class):

GENERAL RULES FOR GAṆA-S 1, 4, 6 AND 10

The vowel "a" must be added to the base to form a kind of "compound" base. However, this very "a" is (1) dropped before terminations beginning with "a", and (2) is lengthened before terminations beginning with a Semivowel, a Nasal, "jh" or "bh".Besides, (3) the penultimate "i", "u", "ṛ" or "ḷ" of a root must be lengthened when followed by "r" or "v" plus any consonant. Careful! Moreover, (4) when the vowel "ṝ" (long) occupies the penultimate or final position in a root and it does not take Guṇa or Vṛddhi or any other change (See 6^th Gaṇa), is to be changed to "ir" or "ur" (only if a Labial or "v" precedes). In turn, "i" in "ir" and "u" in "ur" must be lengthened when "ir" or "ur" is followed by a consonant. Note that "y", which you add to a root of the 4^th Gaṇa to form the base, might turned out to be that "additional" consonant which is mentioned in (3) and (4).

	TERMINATIONS OF THE IMPERATIVE MOOD FOR GAṆA-S 1, 4, 6 AND 10
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	āni	āva	āma	ai	āvahai	āmahai
2^nd Person	nothing or "tāt"¹	tam	ta	sva	ithām	dhvam
3^rd Person	tu or "tāt"¹	tām	antu	tām	itām	antām
¹ The termination "tāt" is "optionally" used when you want to express a blessing

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CONJUGATING ROOTS BELONGING TO GAṆA 1 IN THE Imperative Mood

I will be using the same roots as in the Present and Imperfect Tenses for the sake of convenience... or do you want new roots and form the base again? No, my God. Well, thus, I will not have to form the compound base again, and I will be able to focus only on how to conjugate a root in the Imperative Mood. Let us begin. Here you are the special features of the first Gaṇa:

SPECIAL RULES FOR GAṆA 1

(a) If the root ends in a vowel, you have to turn this one into its Guṇa substitute.
(b) If the penultimate letter of the root is a "short" vowel, you have to transform this vowel into its Guṇa substitute.

पुर्व् -Purv (to fill)- [only Parasmaipada]

The compound base is "pūrva" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "pūrva" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must fill" instead of "let me fill". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	pūrvāṇi¹	pūrvāva	pūrvāma
1^st P.	let me fill	let us both fill	let us fill
2^nd P.	pūrva or pūrvatāt²	pūrvatam	pūrvata
2^nd P.	fill	fill, both of you	fill
3^rd P.	pūrvatu or pūrvatāt²	pūrvatām	pūrvantu³
3^rd P.	let him/her/it fill	let them both fill	let them fill

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural
1^st P.	pūrvāṇi¹		pūrvāva	pūrvāma
	question	should I fill?	should we both fill?	should we fill?
	capacity	I am able to/can fill	we both are able to/can fill	we are able to/can fill
	necessity	I must fill	we both must fill	we must fill
2^nd P.	pūrva or pūrvatāt²		pūrvatam	pūrvata
	entreaty	oh, fill!	oh, both of you, fill!	oh, fill!
	blessing	may you fill	may you both fill	may you fill
	gentle advice	you should fill	you both should fill	you should fill
3^rd P.	pūrvatu or pūrvatāt²		pūrvatām	pūrvantu³
	blessing	may he/she/it fill	may they both fill	may they fill
	gentle command	may⁴ he/she/it fill	may⁴ they both fill	may⁴ they fill

¹ Original "n" in the termination "āni" changes to "āṇi" by 18^th Rule of Consonant Sandhi.

² The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

³ Final "a" in the compound base "pūrva" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "pūrvantu" and not "pūrvāntu".

⁴The term "may" is not used here to convey a blessing (e.g. "may my worship bear fruit" in a benedictive sense, that is, "I beg God to grant me the fruit of my worship" and the like), but to indicate a gentle command (e.g. "let my worship bear fruit", but in a gentle way, not as a mere "command"; it is a firm wish and hope that my worship will lastly bear fruit, got it? It might be translated like this: "let my worship bear fruit... this is my sincere wish" and so on).

लष् -Laṣ (to desire)- [Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada]

The compound base is "laṣa" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "laṣa" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must desire" instead of "let me desire". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, it is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)			ĀTMANEPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	laṣāṇi¹	laṣāva	laṣāma	laṣai⁴	laṣāvahai	laṣāmahai
1^st P.	let me desire	let us both desire	let us desire	let me desire	let us both desire	let us desire
2^nd P.	laṣa or laṣatāt²	laṣatam	laṣata	laṣasva	laṣethām⁵	laṣadhvam
2^nd P.	desire	desire, both of you	desire	desire	desire, both of you	desire
3^rd P.	laṣatu or laṣatāt²	laṣatām	laṣantu³	laṣatām	laṣetām⁵	laṣantām³
3^rd P.	let him/her/it desire	let them both desire	let them desire	let him/her/it desire	let them both desire	let them desire

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	laṣāṇi¹		laṣāva	laṣāma	laṣai⁴	laṣāvahai	laṣāmahai
	question	should I desire?	should we both desire?	should we desire?	should I desire?	should we both desire?	should we desire?
	capacity	I am able to/can desire	we both are able to/can desire	we are able to/can desire	I am able to/can desire	we both are able to/can desire	we are able to/can desire
	necessity	I must desire	we both must desire	we must desire	I must desire	we both must desire	we must desire
2^nd P.	laṣa or laṣatāt²		laṣatam	laṣata	laṣasva	laṣethām⁵	laṣadhvam
	entreaty	oh, desire!	oh, both of you, desire!	oh, desire!	oh, desire!	oh, both of you, desire!	oh, desire!
	blessing	may you desire	may you both desire	may you desire	may you desire	may you both desire	may you desire
	gentle advice	you should desire	you both should desire	you should desire	you should desire	you both should desire	you should desire
3^rd P.	laṣatu or laṣatāt²		laṣatām	laṣantu³	laṣatām	laṣetām⁵	laṣantām³
	blessing	may he/she/it desire	may they both desire	may they desire	may he/she/it desire	may they both desire	may they desire
	gentle command	may⁶ he/she/it desire	may⁶ they both desire	may⁶ they desire	may⁶ he/she/it desire	may⁶ they both desire	may⁶ they desire

¹ Original "n" in the termination "āni" changes to "āṇi" by 18^th Rule of Consonant Sandhi.

² The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

³ Final "a" in the compound base "laṣa" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "laṣantu" and "laṣantām" and not "laṣāntu" and "laṣāntām".

⁴ Final "a" in the compound base "laṣa" plus the termination "ai" is again "ai" by 5^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

⁵Final "a" in "laṣa" (compound base) + "ithām" and "itām" (Ātmanepada terminations) = "ethām" and "etām" respectively, as "a" plus "i" is "e" by 2^nd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

⁶The term "may" is not used here to convey a blessing (e.g. "may my worship bear fruit" in a benedictive sense, that is, "I beg God to grant me the fruit of my worship" and the like), but to indicate a gentle command (e.g. "let my worship bear fruit", but in a gentle way, not as a mere "command"; it is a firm wish and hope that my worship will lastly bear fruit, got it? It might be alternatively translated like this: "let my worship bear fruit... this is my sincere wish" and so on).

ईक्ष् -īkṣ (to see)- [only Ātmanepada]

The compound base is "īkṣa" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "īkṣa" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must see" instead of "let me see". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, it is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	ĀTMANEPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	īkṣai¹	īkṣāvahai	īkṣāmahai
1^st P.	let me see	let us both see	let us see
2^nd P.	īkṣasva	īkṣethām²	īkṣadhvam
2^nd P.	see	see, both of you	see
3^rd P.	īkṣatām	īkṣetām²	īkṣantām³
3^rd P.	let him/her/it see	let them both see	let them see

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural
1^st P.	īkṣai¹		īkṣāvahai	īkṣāmahai
	question	should I see?	should we both see?	should we see?
	capacity	I am able to/can see	we both are able to/can see	we are able to/can see
	necessity	I must see	we both must see	we must see
2^nd P.	īkṣasva		īkṣethām²	īkṣadhvam
	entreaty	oh, see!	oh, both of you, see!	oh, see!
	blessing	may you see	may you both see	may you see
	gentle advice	you should see	you both should see	you should see
3^rd P.	īkṣatām		īkṣetām²	īkṣantām³
	blessing	may he/she/it see	may they both see	may they see
	gentle command	may⁴ he/she/it see	may⁴ they both see	may⁴ they see

¹ Final "a" in the compound base "īkṣa" plus the termination "ai" is again "ai" by 5^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

² Final "a" in "īkṣa" (compound base) + "ithām" and "itām" (Ātmanepada terminations) = "ethām" and "etām" respectively, as "a" plus "i" is "e" by 2^nd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

³ Final "a" in the compound base "īkṣa" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "īkṣantām" and not "īkṣāntām".

⁴ The term "may" is not used here to convey a blessing (e.g. "may my worship bear fruit" in a benedictive sense, that is, "I beg God to grant me the fruit of my worship" and the like), but to indicate a gentle command (e.g. "let my worship bear fruit", but in a gentle way, not as a mere "command"; it is a firm wish and hope that my worship will lastly bear fruit, got it? It might be alternatively translated like this: "let my worship bear fruit... this is my sincere wish" and so on).

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CONJUGATING ROOTS BELONGING TO GAṆA 4 IN THE Imperative Mood

Here you are the special features of the fourth Gaṇa, which you are about to study:

SPECIAL RULES FOR GAṆA 4

(a) Any vowel present in the root remains unchanged [except penultimate "i", "u", "ṛ" and "ḷ" when followed by "r" or "v" plus a consonant; and a penultimate or final "ṝ". See (3) and (4) in the "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10" table].
(b) The Semivowel "y" is added to the root.

तुष् -Tuṣ (to be pleased)- [generally Parasmaipada... although metrically Ātmanepada is also included]

The compound base is "tuṣya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "tuṣya" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must be pleased" instead of "let me be pleased". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	tuṣyāṇi¹	tuṣyāva	tuṣyāma
1^st P.	let me be pleased	let us both be pleased	let us be pleased
2^nd P.	tuṣya or tuṣyatāt²	tuṣyatam	tuṣyata
2^nd P.	be pleased	be pleased, both of you	be pleased
3^rd P.	tuṣyatu or tuṣyatāt²	tuṣyatām	tuṣyantu³
3^rd P.	let him/her/it be pleased	let them both be pleased	let them be pleased

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural
1^st P.	tuṣyāṇi¹		tuṣyāva	tuṣyāma
	question	should I be pleased?	should we both be pleased?	should we be pleased?
	capacity	I am able to/can be pleased	we both are able to/can be pleased	we are able to/can be pleased
	necessity	I must be pleased	we both must be pleased	we must be pleased
2^nd P.	tuṣya or tuṣyatāt²		tuṣyatam	tuṣyata
	entreaty	oh, be pleased!	oh, both of you, be pleased!	oh, be pleased!
	blessing	may you be pleased	may you both be pleased	may you be pleased
	gentle advice	you should be pleased	you both should be pleased	you should be pleased
3^rd P.	tuṣyatu or tuṣyatāt²		tuṣyatām	tuṣyantu³
	blessing	may he/she/it be pleased	may they both be pleased	may they be pleased
	gentle command	may⁴ he/she/it be pleased	may⁴ they both be pleased	may⁴ they be pleased

¹ Original "n" in the termination "āni" changes to "āṇi" by 18^th Rule of Consonant Sandhi.

² The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

³ Final "a" in the compound base "tuṣya" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "tuṣyantu" and not "tuṣyāntu".

दिव् -Div (to shine)- [generally Parasmaipada... but Ātmanepada in Ṛgveda (The two pada-s are included for the sake of convenience in this study)]

The compound base is "dīvya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "dīvya" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must shine" instead of "let me shine". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)			ĀTMANEPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	dīvyāni	dīvyāva	dīvyāma	dīvyai³	dīvyāvahai	dīvyāmahai
1^st P.	let me shine	let us both shine	let us shine	let me shine	let us both shine	let us shine
2^nd P.	dīvya or dīvyatāt¹	dīvyatam	dīvyata	dīvyasva	dīvyethām⁴	dīvyadhvam
2^nd P.	shine	shine, both of you	shine	shine	shine, both of you	shine
3^rd P.	dīvyatu or dīvyatāt¹	dīvyatām	dīvyantu²	dīvyatām	dīvyetām⁴	dīvyantām²
3^rd P.	let him/her/it shine	let them both shine	let them shine	let him/her/it shine	let them both shine	let them shine

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	dīvyāni		dīvyāva	dīvyāma	dīvyai³	dīvyāvahai	dīvyāmahai
	question	should I shine?	should we both shine?	should we shine?	should I shine?	should we both shine?	should we shine?
	capacity	I am able to/can shine	we both are able to/can shine	we are able to/can shine	I am able to/can shine	we both are able to/can shine	we are able to/can shine
	necessity	I must shine	we both must shine	we must shine	I must shine	we both must shine	we must shine
2^nd P.	dīvya or dīvyatāt¹		dīvyatam	dīvyata	dīvyasva	dīvyethām⁴	dīvyadhvam
	entreaty	oh, shine!	oh, both of you, shine!	oh, shine!	oh, shine!	oh, both of you, shine!	oh, shine!
	blessing	may you shine	may you both shine	may you shine	may you shine	may you both shine	may you shine
	gentle advice	you should shine	you both should shine	you should shine	you should shine	you both should shine	you should shine
3^rd P.	dīvyatu or dīvyatāt¹		dīvyatām	dīvyantu²	dīvyatām	dīvyetām⁴	dīvyantām²
	blessing	may he/she/it shine	may they both shine	may they shine	may he/she/it shine	may they both shine	may they shine
	gentle command	may⁵ he/she/it shine	may⁵ they both shine	may⁵ they shine	may⁵ he/she/it shine	may⁵ they both shine	may⁵ they shine

¹ The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

² Final "a" in the compound base "dīvya" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "dīvyantu" and "dīvyantām" and not "dīvyāntu" and "dīvyāntām".

³ Final "a" in the compound base "dīvya" plus the termination "ai" is again "ai" by 5^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

⁴Final "a" in "dīvya" (compound base) + "ithām" and "itām" (Ātmanepada terminations) = "ethām" and "etām" respectively, as "a" plus "i" is "e" by 2^nd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

⁵The term "may" is not used here to convey a blessing (e.g. "may my worship bear fruit" in a benedictive sense, that is, "I beg God to grant me the fruit of my worship" and the like), but to indicate a gentle command (e.g. "let my worship bear fruit", but in a gentle way, not as a mere "command"; it is a firm wish and hope that my worship will lastly bear fruit, got it? It might be alternatively translated like this: "let my worship bear fruit... this is my sincere wish" and so on).

दो -Do (to cut)- [only Parasmaipada]

The compound base is "dya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "dya" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must cut" instead of "let me cut". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	dyāni	dyāva	dyāma
1^st P.	let me cut	let us both cut	let us cut
2^nd P.	dya or dyatāt¹	dyatam	dyata
2^nd P.	cut	cut, both of you	cut
3^rd P.	dyatu or dyatāt¹	dyatām	dyantu²
3^rd P.	let him/her/it cut	let them both cut	let them cut

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural
1^st P.	dyāni		dyāva	dyāma
	question	should I cut?	should we both cut?	should we cut?
	capacity	I am able to/can cut	we both are able to/can cut	we are able to/can cut
	necessity	I must cut	we both must cut	we must cut
2^nd P.	dya or dyatāt¹		dyatam	dyata
	entreaty	oh, cut!	oh, both of you, cut!	oh, cut!
	blessing	may you cut	may you both cut	may you cut
	gentle advice	you should cut	you both should cut	you should cut
3^rd P.	dyatu or dyatāt¹		dyatām	dyantu²
	blessing	may he/she/it cut	may they both cut	may they cut
	gentle command	may³ he/she/it cut	may³ they both cut	may³ they cut

¹ The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

² Final "a" in the compound base "dya" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "dyantu" and not "dyāntu".

³The term "may" is not used here to convey a blessing (e.g. "may my worship bear fruit" in a benedictive sense, that is, "I beg God to grant me the fruit of my worship" and the like), but to indicate a gentle command (e.g. "let my worship bear fruit", but in a gentle way, not as a mere "command"; it is a firm wish and hope that my worship will lastly bear fruit, got it? It might be translated like this: "let my worship bear fruit... this is my sincere wish" and so on).

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CONJUGATING ROOTS BELONGING TO GAṆA 6 IN THE Imperative Mood

Here you are the special features of the sixth Gaṇa, which you are about to study:

SPECIAL RULES FOR GAṆA 6

(a) If the penultimate letter of a the root is a vowel (short or long), it remains unchanged [except penultimate "i", "u", "ṛ" and "ḷ" when followed by "r" or "v" plus a consonant; and a penultimate "ṝ". See (3) and (4) in the "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10" table].
(b) If the final letter of the root is "i", "ī", "u", "ū", "ṛ" or "ṝ", it changes to "iy", "uv", "riy" and "ir" respectively. In other words, "i" and "ī" change to "iy"; "u" and "ū" change to "uv", while "ṛ" changes to "riy" and "ṝ" changes to "ir".

उञ्छ् -Uñch (to gather)- [only Parasmaipada]

The compound base is "uñcha" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "uñcha" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must be pleased" instead of "let me be pleased". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	uñchāni	uñchāva	uñchāma
1^st P.	let me gather	let us both gather	let us gather
2^nd P.	uñcha or uñchatāt¹	uñchatam	uñchata
2^nd P.	gather	gather, both of you	gather
3^rd P.	uñchatu or uñchatāt¹	uñchatām	uñchantu²
3^rd P.	let him/her/it gather	let them both gather	let them gather

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural
1^st P.	uñchāni		uñchāva	uñchāma
	question	should I gather?	should we both gather?	should we gather?
	capacity	I am able to/can gather	we both are able to/can gather	we are able to/can gather
	necessity	I must gather	we both must gather	we must gather
2^nd P.	uñcha or uñchatāt¹		uñchatam	uñchata
	entreaty	oh, gather!	oh, both of you, gather!	oh, gather!
	blessing	may you gather	may you both gather	may you gather
	gentle advice	you should gather	you both should gather	you should gather
3^rd P.	uñchatu or uñchatāt¹		uñchatām	uñchantu²
	blessing	may he/she/it gather	may they both gather	may they gather
	gentle command	may³ he/she/it gather	may³ they both gather	may³ they gather

¹ The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

² Final "a" in the compound base "uñcha" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "uñchantu" and not "uñchāntu".

सू -Sū (to set in motion)- [generally Parasmaipada... but also Ātmanepada in the Brāhmaṇa portion of the Veda (The two pada-s are included for the sake of convenience in this study)]

The compound base is "suva" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "suva" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must set in motion" instead of "let me set in motion". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)			ĀTMANEPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	suvāni	suvāva	suvāma	suvai³	suvāvahai	suvāmahai
1^st P.	let me set in motion	let us both set in motion	let us set in motion	let me set in motion	let us both set in motion	let us set in motion
2^nd P.	suva or suvatāt¹	suvatam	suvata	suvasva	suvethām⁴	suvadhvam
2^nd P.	set in motion	set in motion, both of you	set in motion	set in motion	set in motion, both of you	set in motion
3^rd P.	suvatu or suvatāt¹	suvatām	suvantu²	suvatām	suvetām⁴	suvantām²
3^rd P.	let him/her/it set in motion	let them both set in motion	let them set in motion	let him/her/it set in motion	let them both set in motion	let them set in motion

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	suvāni		suvāva	suvāma	suvai³	suvāvahai	suvā- mahai
	question	should I set in motion?	should we both set in motion?	should we set in motion?	should I set in motion?	should we both set in motion?	should we set in motion?
	capacity	I am able to/can set in motion	we both are able to/can set in motion	we are able to/can set in motion	I am able to/can set in motion	we both are able to/can set in motion	we are able to/can set in motion
	necessity	I must set in motion	we both must set in motion	we must set in motion	I must set in motion	we both must set in motion	we must set in motion
2^nd P.	suva or suvatāt¹		suvatam	suvata	suvasva	suvethām⁴	suva- dhvam
	entreaty	oh, set in motion!	oh, both of you, set in motion!	oh, set in motion!	oh, set in motion!	oh, both of you, set in motion!	oh, set in motion!
	blessing	may you set in motion	may you both set in motion	may you set in motion	may you set in motion	may you both set in motion	may you set in motion
	gentle advice	you should set in motion	you both should set in motion	you should set in motion	you should set in motion	you both should set in motion	you should set in motion
3^rd P.	suvatu or suvatāt¹		suvatām	suvantu²	suvatām	suvetām⁴	suva- ntām²
	blessing	may he/she/it set in motion	may they both set in motion	may they set in motion	may he/she/it set in motion	may they both set in motion	may they set in motion
	gentle command	may⁵ he/she/it set in motion	may⁵ they both set in motion	may⁵ they set in motion	may⁵ he/she/it set in motion	may⁵ they both set in motion	may⁵ they set in motion

¹ The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

² Final "a" in the compound base "suva" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "suvantu" and "suvantām" and not "suvāntu" and "suvāntām".

³ Final "a" in the compound base "suva" plus the termination "ai" is again "ai" by 5^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

⁴Final "a" in "suva" (compound base) + "ithām" and "itām" (Ātmanepada terminations) = "ethām" and "etām" respectively, as "a" plus "i" is "e" by 2^nd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

कॄ -Kṝ (to scatter)- [only Parasmaipada]

The compound base is "kira" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "kira" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must scatter" instead of "let me scatter". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	kirāṇi¹	kirāva	kirāma
1^st P.	let me scatter	let us both scatter	let us scatter
2^nd P.	kira or kiratāt²	kiratam	kirata
2^nd P.	scatter	scatter, both of you	scatter
3^rd P.	kiratu or kiratāt²	kiratām	kirantu³
3^rd P.	let him/her/it scatter	let them both scatter	let them scatter

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural
1^st P.	kirāṇi¹		kirāva	kirāma
	question	should I scatter?	should we both scatter?	should we scatter?
	capacity	I am able to/can scatter	we both are able to/can scatter	we are able to/can scatter
	necessity	I must scatter	we both must scatter	we must scatter
2^nd P.	kira or kiratāt²		kiratam	kirata
	entreaty	oh, scatter!	oh, both of you, scatter!	oh, scatter!
	blessing	may you scatter	may you both scatter	may you scatter
	gentle advice	you should scatter	you both should scatter	you should scatter
3^rd P.	kiratu or kiratāt²		kiratām	kirantu³
	blessing	may he/she/it scatter	may they both scatter	may they scatter
	gentle command	may⁴ he/she/it scatter	may⁴ they both scatter	may⁴ they scatter

¹ Original "n" in the termination "āni" changes to "āṇi" by 18^th Rule of Consonant Sandhi.

² The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

³ Final "a" in the compound base "kira" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "kirantu" and not "kirāntu".

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CONJUGATING ROOTS BELONGING TO GAṆA 10 IN THE Imperative Mood

Here you are the special features of the tenth Gaṇa, which you are about to study:

SPECIAL RULES FOR GAṆA 10

(a) If the penultimate letter of the root is a "short" vowel (except "a"), it takes the Guṇa substitute.
(b) If the root has a final vowel or a penultimate "a", not prosodically long, all of them are to be turned into their respective Vṛddhi substitute.
[A vowel is prosodically long when it is followed by two or more consonants; e.g. "a" in "mantra". Note that the penultimate "a" in "mantra" is not originally long, but it becomes so, as it were, because it is followed by three consonants (ntr)]
(c) "ay" is to be ultimately added.

तड् -Taḍ (to beat)- [Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada]

The compound base is "tāḍaya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "tāḍaya" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must beat" instead of "let me beat". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)			ĀTMANEPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	tāḍayāni	tāḍayāva	tāḍayāma	tāḍayai³	tāḍayāvahai	tāḍayāmahai
1^st P.	let me beat	let us both beat	let us beat	let me beat	let us both beat	let us beat
2^nd P.	tāḍaya or tāḍayatāt¹	tāḍayatam	tāḍayata	tāḍayasva	tāḍayethām⁴	tāḍayadhvam
2^nd P.	beat	beat, both of you	beat	beat	beat, both of you	beat
3^rd P.	tāḍayatu or tāḍayatāt¹	tāḍayatām	tāḍayantu²	tāḍayatām	tāḍayetām⁴	tāḍayantām²
3^rd P.	let him/her/it beat	let them both beat	let them beat	let him/her/it beat	let them both beat	let them beat

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	tāḍayāni		tāḍayāva	tāḍayāma	tāḍayai³	tāḍayāvahai	tāḍayā- mahai
	question	should I beat?	should we both beat?	should we beat?	should I beat?	should we both beat?	should we beat?
	capacity	I am able to/can beat	we both are able to/can beat	we are able to/can beat	I am able to/can beat	we both are able to/can beat	we are able to/can beat
	necessity	I must beat	we both must beat	we must beat	I must beat	we both must beat	we must beat
2^nd P.	tāḍaya or tāḍayatāt¹		tāḍayatam	tāḍayata	tāḍayasva	tāḍayethām⁴	tāḍaya- dhvam
	entreaty	oh, beat!	oh, both of you, beat!	oh, beat!	oh, beat!	oh, both of you, beat!	oh, beat!
	blessing	may you beat	may you both beat	may you beat	may you beat	may you both beat	may you beat
	gentle advice	you should beat	you both should beat	you should beat	you should beat	you both should beat	you should beat
3^rd P.	tāḍayatu or tāḍayatāt¹		tāḍayatām	tāḍayantu²	tāḍayatām	tāḍayetām⁴	tāḍaya- ntām²
	blessing	may he/she/it beat	may they both beat	may they beat	may he/she/it beat	may they both beat	may they beat
	gentle command	may⁵ he/she/it beat	may⁵ they both beat	may⁵ they beat	may⁵ he/she/it beat	may⁵ they both beat	may⁵ they beat

¹ The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

² Final "a" in the compound base "tāḍaya" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "tāḍayantu" and "tāḍayantām" and not "tāḍayāntu" and "tāḍayāntām".

³ Final "a" in the compound base "tāḍaya" plus the termination "ai" is again "ai" by 5^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

⁴Final "a" in "tāḍaya" (compound base) + "ithām" and "itām" (Ātmanepada terminations) = "ethām" and "etām" respectively, as "a" plus "i" is "e" by 2^nd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

दण्ड् -Daṇḍ (to punish)- [Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada]

The compound base is "daṇḍaya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "daṇḍaya" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must punish" instead of "let me punish". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)			ĀTMANEPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	daṇḍayāni	daṇḍayāva	daṇḍayāma	daṇḍayai³	daṇḍayāvahai	daṇḍayāmahai
1^st P.	let me punish	let us both punish	let us punish	let me punish	let us both punish	let us punish
2^nd P.	daṇḍaya or daṇḍayatāt¹	daṇḍayatam	daṇḍayata	daṇḍayasva	daṇḍayethām⁴	daṇḍayadhvam
2^nd P.	punish	punish, both of you	punish	punish	punish, both of you	punish
3^rd P.	daṇḍayatu or daṇḍayatāt¹	daṇḍayatām	daṇḍayantu²	daṇḍayatām	daṇḍayetām⁴	daṇḍayantām²
3^rd P.	let him/her/it punish	let them both punish	let them punish	let him/her/it punish	let them both punish	let them punish

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	daṇḍayāni		daṇḍayāva	daṇḍayāma	daṇḍayai³	daṇḍayā- vahai	daṇḍayā- mahai
	question	should I punish?	should we both punish?	should we punish?	should I punish?	should we both punish?	should we punish?
	capacity	I am able to/can punish	we both are able to/can punish	we are able to/can punish	I am able to/can punish	we both are able to/can punish	we are able to/can punish
	necessity	I must punish	we both must punish	we must punish	I must punish	we both must punish	we must punish
2^nd P.	daṇḍaya or daṇḍayatāt¹		daṇḍayatam	daṇḍayata	daṇḍayasva	daṇḍaye- thām⁴	daṇḍaya- dhvam
	entreaty	oh, punish!	oh, both of you, punish!	oh, punish!	oh, punish!	oh, both of you, punish!	oh, punish!
	blessing	may you punish	may you both punish	may you punish	may you punish	may you both punish	may you punish
	gentle advice	you should punish	you both should punish	you should punish	you should punish	you both should punish	you should punish
3^rd P.	daṇḍayatu or daṇḍayatāt¹		daṇḍayatām	daṇḍayantu²	daṇḍayatām	daṇḍaye- tām⁴	daṇḍaya- ntām²
	blessing	may he/she/it punish	may they both punish	may they punish	may he/she/it punish	may they both punish	may they punish
	gentle command	may⁵ he/she/it punish	may⁵ they both punish	may⁵ they punish	may⁵ he/she/it punish	may⁵ they both punish	may⁵ they punish

¹ The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

² Final "a" in the compound base "daṇḍaya" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "daṇḍayantu" and "daṇḍayantām" and not "daṇḍayāntu" and "daṇḍayāntām".

³ Final "a" in the compound base "daṇḍaya" plus the termination "ai" is again "ai" by 5^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

⁴Final "a" in "daṇḍaya" (compound base) + "ithām" and "itām" (Ātmanepada terminations) = "ethām" and "etām" respectively, as "a" plus "i" is "e" by 2^nd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

रुद् -Rud (to weep)- [Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada; a root originally belonging to the second Gaṇa, but here it will be conjugated as belonging to the tenth Gaṇa in order to form the respective Causal]

The compound base is "rodaya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "rodaya" (compound base) now. A last thing: I will be using "to let" as an auxiliary verb in order to form the first and third persons of the Imperative Mood. The word "must" may also be included, for example: "I must weep" instead of "let me weep". In fact, even though "must" might be used with all the three persons, is specially used with the first person. In turn, the word "may" is generally used in a benedictive way but... see in the chart:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA (usual way to translate)			ĀTMANEPADA (usual way to translate)
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	rodayāni	rodayāva	rodayāma	rodayai³	rodayāvahai	rodayāmahai
1^st P.	let me weep	let us both weep	let us weep	let me weep	let us both weep	let us weep
2^nd P.	rodaya or rodayatāt¹	rodayatam	rodayata	rodayasva	rodayethām⁴	rodayadhvam
2^nd P.	weep	weep, both of you	weep	weep	weep, both of you	weep
3^rd P.	rodayatu or rodayatāt¹	rodayatām	rodayantu²	rodayatām	rodayetām⁴	rodayantām²
3^rd P.	let him/her/it weep	let them both weep	let them weep	let him/her/it weep	let them both weep	let them weep

Pers.	Alternative ways to translate according to a particular context (note that the auxiliary words I have utilized to express entreaty, necessity, gentle command, etc., that is, "oh", "must", etc., are generally used... but perhaps you will have to use other terms to express the same thing according to the context. For example: "oh God", "have to", etc. respectively. You may also include exclamation point to emphasize. Hopefully, you have understood my point)
Pers.	Singular		Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	rodayāni		rodayāva	rodayāma	rodayai³	rodayāvahai	rodayā- mahai
	question	should I weep?	should we both weep?	should we weep?	should I weep?	should we both weep?	should we weep?
	capacity	I am able to/can weep	we both are able to/can weep	we are able to/can weep	I am able to/can weep	we both are able to/can weep	we are able to/can weep
	necessity	I must weep	we both must weep	we must weep	I must weep	we both must weep	we must weep
2^nd P.	rodaya or rodayatāt¹		rodayatam	rodayata	rodayasva	rodayethām⁴	rodaya- dhvam
	entreaty	oh, weep!	oh, both of you, weep!	oh, weep!	oh, weep!	oh, both of you, weep!	oh, weep!
	blessing	may you weep	may you both weep	may you weep	may you weep	may you both weep	may you weep
	gentle advice	you should weep	you both should weep	you should weep	you should weep	you both should weep	you should weep
3^rd P.	rodayatu or rodayatāt¹		rodayatām	rodayantu²	rodayatām	rodayetām⁴	rodaya- ntām²
	blessing	may he/she/it weep	may they both weep	may they weep	may he/she/it weep	may they both weep	may they weep
	gentle command	may⁵he/she/it weep	may⁵ they both weep	may⁵ they weep	may⁵ he/she/it weep	may⁵ they both weep	may⁵ they weep

¹ The termination "tāt" is only used if you are using the Imperative Mood in a benedictive sense (see "blessing" row in 2^nd and 3^rd persons).

² Final "a" in the compound base "rodaya" must be dropped before terminations beginning with "a" -See (1) in the above table dealing with "General rules for Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10"-. Thus, the final result is "rodayantu" and "rodayantām" and not "rodayāntu" and "rodayāntām".

³ Final "a" in the compound base "rodaya" plus the termination "ai" is again "ai" by 5^th Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

⁴Final "a" in "rodaya" (compound base) + "ithām" and "itām" (Ātmanepada terminations) = "ethām" and "etām" respectively, as "a" plus "i" is "e" by 2^nd Primary Rule of Vowel Sandhi.

Well, the process of conjugation is always the same in Imperative Mode for all roots belonging to the Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10. Of course, there are roots that does not follow the rules. These roots are exceptions, which you will study later on. So, do not worry about them. Potential Mode now:

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How to conjugate Verbs with unchangeable bases in Potential Mood

Good news. You do not have to learn any new rules to conjugate in Potential Mode. Just use the General Rules along with the Special Rules for each of the Gaṇa-s, and then add the respective terminations.

Bad news. The Potential Mood may be translated in multiple ways according to the context, time, etc. of a particular text... also according to the fashion of that time... brand of the T-shirt worn by the author when he took the ball-point pen to write the text... his mental state the day in which he wrote the text... if he was suffering from a toothache, the meaning is different... etc. OK, I was kidding... only "context, time, etc." are valid, the rest is my own invention. Besides, I cannot imagine Gaṇeśa (one of the two sons of Śiva) holding a ball-point pen and writing the Mahābhārata while Vyāsa dictated... in fact, he used his own tusk to do that, do you remember?, hehe. But, man, Sanskrit is sometimes such a big boulder in the way. The amount of alternative ways and intricacies is too much. Listen and then rest in peace, you will not believe it:

Gentle command: A kind of substitute for the Imperative Mood sometimes, but much more gentle [e.g. "sadā mantraṁ japet" -he/she always should mutter (japet) a mantra-]

Command: A kind of substitute for the Imperative Mood, not gentle now but direct [e.g. "udakaṁ pibeḥ" -Drink (pibeḥ) water-]

Gently asking questions: You may use the Potential Mood to ask questions [e.g. "bho vanaṁ gaccheyam "-Oh (sir), may I go (gaccheyam) to the forest?-]

Hypothesis: Specially together with "yadi" (if) [e.g. "yadi syātpāvakaḥ śītaḥ" -If fire would be (syāt) cold-].

Possibility: The Potential Mood may indicate something that is likely to happen [e.g. "kadācid budhyeya" -I might be awakened, maybe (budhyeya), at some time or other-].

Within final consecutive statements: It acts now as a kind of substitute for the Imperative [e.g. "tathā mantraṁ japedyathā muktiṁ labheta" -Let him/her mutter (japet) a mantra so that he/she may attain (labheta) Liberation-].

A substitute for the Present Tense (accompanied by "maybe" or "perhaps" sometimes): In some scriptures, the Potential Mood is tantamount to the Present Tense [e.g. "mantraṁ japet" -generally translated "He/she should mutter (japet) a mantra", may even be translated in some texts as "He/she mutters (japet) a mantra" or also "He/she mutters (japet) a mantra, maybe"-].

Giving permission: You may use the Potential Mood for expressing permissions [e.g. "ihāsīthāstvam" -You may sit (āsīthāḥ) here-.

Telling someone to attend to an honorary office or duty: It is important that the office or duty is honorary in order to use the Potential Mood [e.g. "māmadhyāpayestvam" -You may teach (adhyāpayeḥ) me (as an honorary duty)-.

There are other ways to use the Potential Mood, but the information contained in the previous chart is more than enough for our tired intellects, I think. Of course, I will not add alternative ways of translating verbs being conjugated in Potential Mood as I did in Imperative Mood, since the amount of possibilities is really a big one. I will only translate the conjugations in the sense of "gentle command", as the Potential Mood is commonly used. Do not worry then. However, keep always in mind the other possibilities of translation when you face a text containing verbs conjugated in this type of Mood.

As I said to you before:

The same usual rules (general and special) as in the Present Tense, Imperfect Tense and Imperative Mood are to be followed to form the base here. So, the following table can be used again:

GENERAL RULES FOR GAṆA-S 1, 4, 6 AND 10

Obviously, Potential Mood has its own set of endings or terminations:

	TERMINATIONS OF THE POTENTIAL MOOD FOR GAṆA-S 1, 4, 6 AND 10
	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st Person	īyam	īva	īma	īya	īvahi	īmahi
2^nd Person	īḥ	ītam	īta	īthāḥ	īyāthām	īdhvam
3^rd Person	īt	ītām	īyuḥ	īta	īyātām	īran

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CONJUGATING ROOTS BELONGING TO GAṆA 1 IN THE Potential Mood

I will be using the same roots as in the Present Tense, Imperfect Tense and Imperative Mood in order not to form the base again. Let us begin. Here you are the special features of the first Gaṇa:

SPECIAL RULES FOR GAṆA 1

पुर्व् -Purv (to fill)- [only Parasmaipada]

The compound base is "pūrva" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "pūrva" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	pūrveyam	pūrveva	pūrvema
1^st P.	I should fill	we both should fill	we should fill
2^nd P.	pūrveḥ	pūrvetam	pūrveta
2^nd P.	you should fill	you both should fill	you should fill
3^rd P.	pūrvet	pūrvetām	pūrveyuḥ
3^rd P.	he/she/it should fill	they both should fill	they should fill

लष् -Laṣ (to desire)- [Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada]

The compound base is "laṣa" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "laṣa" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	laṣeyam	laṣeva	laṣema	laṣeya	laṣevahi	laṣemahi
1^st P.	I should desire	we both should desire	we should desire	I should desire	we both should desire	we should desire
2^nd P.	laṣeḥ	laṣetam	laṣeta	laṣethāḥ	laṣeyāthām	laṣedhvam
2^nd P.	you should desire	you both should desire	you should desire	you should desire	you both should desire	you should desire
3^rd P.	laṣet	laṣetām	laṣeyuḥ	laṣeta	laṣeyātām	laṣeran
3^rd P.	he/she/it should desire	they both should desire	they should desire	he/she/it should desire	they both should desire	they should desire

ईक्ष् -īkṣ (to see)- [only Ātmanepada]

The compound base is "īkṣa" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "īkṣa" (compound base) now:

Pers.	ĀTMANEPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	īkṣeya	īkṣevahi	īkṣemahi
1^st P.	I should see	we both should see	we should see
2^nd P.	īkṣethāḥ	īkṣeyāthām	īkṣedhvam
2^nd P.	you should see	you both should see	you should see
3^rd P.	īkṣeta	īkṣeyātām	īkṣeran
3^rd P.	he/she/it should see	they both should see	they should see

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CONJUGATING ROOTS BELONGING TO GAṆA 4 IN THE Potential Mood

Here you are the special features of the fourth Gaṇa, which you are about to study:

SPECIAL RULES FOR GAṆA 4

तुष् -Tuṣ (to be pleased)- [generally Parasmaipada... although metrically Ātmanepada is also included]

The compound base is "tuṣya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "tuṣya" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	tuṣyeyam	tuṣyeva	tuṣyema
1^st P.	I should be pleased	we both should be pleased	we should be pleased
2^nd P.	tuṣyeḥ	tuṣyetam	tuṣyeta
2^nd P.	you should be pleased	you both should be pleased	you should be pleased
3^rd P.	tuṣyet	tuṣyetām	tuṣyeyuḥ
3^rd P.	he/she/it should be pleased	they both should be pleased	they should be pleased

दिव् -Div (to shine)- [generally Parasmaipada... but Ātmanepada in Ṛgveda (The two pada-s are included for the sake of convenience in this study)]

The compound base is "dīvya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "dīvya" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	dīvyeyam	dīvyeva	dīvyema	dīvyeya	dīvyevahi	dīvyemahi
1^st P.	I should shine	we both should shine	we should shine	I should shine	we both should shine	we should shine
2^nd P.	dīvyeḥ	dīvyetam	dīvyeta	dīvyethāḥ	dīvyeyāthām	dīvyedhvam
2^nd P.	you should shine	you both should shine	you should shine	you should shine	you both should shine	you should shine
3^rd P.	dīvyet	dīvyetām	dīvyeyuḥ	dīvyeta	dīvyeyātām	dīvyeran
3^rd P.	he/she/it should shine	they both should shine	they should shine	he/she/it should shine	they both should shine	they should shine

दो -Do (to cut)- [only Parasmaipada]

The compound base is "dya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "dya" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	dyeyam	dyeva	dyema
1^st P.	I should cut	we both should cut	we should cut
2^nd P.	dyeḥ	dyetam	dyeta
2^nd P.	you should cut	you both should cut	you should cut
3^rd P.	dyet	dyetām	dyeyuḥ
3^rd P.	he/she/it should cut	they both should cut	they should cut

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CONJUGATING ROOTS BELONGING TO GAṆA 6 IN THE Potential Mood

Here you are the special features of the sixth Gaṇa, which you are about to study:

SPECIAL RULES FOR GAṆA 6

उञ्छ् -Uñch (to gather)- [only Parasmaipada]

The compound base is "uñcha" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "uñcha" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	uñcheyam	uñcheva	uñchema
1^st P.	I should gather	we both should gather	we should gather
2^nd P.	uñcheḥ	uñchetam	uñcheta
2^nd P.	you should gather	you both should gather	you should gather
3^rd P.	uñchet	uñchetām	uñcheyuḥ
3^rd P.	he/she/it should gather	they both should gather	they should gather

सू -Sū (to set in motion)- [generally Parasmaipada... but also Ātmanepada in the Brāhmaṇa portion of the Veda (The two pada-s are included for the sake of convenience in this study)]

The compound base is "suva" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "suva" (compound base) now:

कॄ -Kṝ (to scatter)- [only Parasmaipada]

The compound base is "kira" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "kira" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	suveyam	suveva	suvema	suveya	suvevahi	suvemahi
1^st P.	I should set in motion	we both should set in motion	we should set in motion	I should set in motion	we both should set in motion	we should set in motion
2^nd P.	suveḥ	suvetam	suveta	suvethāḥ	suveyāthām	suvedhvam
2^nd P.	you should set in motion	you both set in motion	you should set in motion	you should set in motion	you both should set in motion	you should set in motion
3^rd P.	suvet	suvetām	suveyuḥ	suveta	suveyātām	suveran
3^rd P.	he/she/it should set in motion	they both should set in motion	they should set in motion	he/she/it should set in motion	they both should set in motion	they should set in motion

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	kireyam	kireva	kirema
1^st P.	I should scatter	we both should scatter	we should scatter
2^nd P.	kireḥ	kiretam	kireta
2^nd P.	you should scatter	you both should scatter	you should scatter
3^rd P.	kiret	kiretām	kireyuḥ
3^rd P.	he/she/it should scatter	they both should scatter	they should scatter

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CONJUGATING ROOTS BELONGING TO GAṆA 10 IN THE Potential Mood

Here you are the special features of the tenth Gaṇa, which you are about to study:

SPECIAL RULES FOR GAṆA 10

तड् -Taḍ (to beat)- [Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada]

The compound base is "tāḍaya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "tāḍaya" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	tāḍayeyam	tāḍayeva	tāḍayema	tāḍayeya	tāḍayevahi	tāḍayemahi
1^st P.	I should beat	we both should beat	we should beat	I should beat	we both should beat	we should beat
2^nd P.	tāḍayeḥ	tāḍayetam	tāḍayeta	tāḍayethāḥ	tāḍayeyāthām	tāḍayedhvam
2^nd P.	you should beat	you both should beat	you should beat	you should beat	you both should beat	you should beat
3^rd P.	tāḍayet	tāḍayetām	tāḍayeyuḥ	tāḍayeta	tāḍayeyātām	tāḍayeran
3^rd P.	he/she/it should beat	they both should beat	they should beat	he/she/it should beat	they both should beat	they should beat

दण्ड् -Daṇḍ (to punish)- [Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada]

The compound base is "daṇḍaya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "daṇḍaya" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	daṇḍayeyam	daṇḍayeva	daṇḍayema	daṇḍayeya	daṇḍayevahi	daṇḍayemahi
1^st P.	I should punish	we both should punish	we should punish	I should punish	we both should punish	we should punish
2^nd P.	daṇḍayeḥ	daṇḍayetam	daṇḍayeta	daṇḍayethāḥ	daṇḍayeyāthām	daṇḍayedhvam
2^nd P.	you should punish	you both should punish	you should punish	you should punish	you both should punish	you should punish
3^rd P.	daṇḍayet	daṇḍayetām	daṇḍayeyuḥ	daṇḍayeta	daṇḍayeyātām	daṇḍayeran
3^rd P.	he/she/it should punish	they both should punish	they should punish	he/she/it should punish	they both should punish	they should punish

The compound base is "rodaya" (base + a). So, to finish the conjugation, the terminations are to be added to "rodaya" (compound base) now:

Pers.	PARASMAIPADA			ĀTMANEPADA
Pers.	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1^st P.	rodayeyam	rodayeva	rodayema	rodayeya	rodayevahi	rodayemahi
1^st P.	I should weep	we both should weep	we should weep	I should weep	we both should weep	we should weep
2^nd P.	rodayeḥ	rodayetam	rodayeta	rodayethāḥ	rodayeyāthām	rodayedhvam
2^nd P.	you should weep	you both should weep	you should weep	you should weep	you both should weep	you should weep
3^rd P.	rodayet	rodayetām	rodayeyuḥ	rodayeta	rodayeyātām	rodayeran
3^rd P.	he/she/it should weep	they both should weep	they should weep	he/she/it should weep	they both should weep	they should weep

Well, the process of conjugation is always the same in the Potential Mood for all roots belonging to the Gaṇa-s 1, 4, 6 and 10. Of course, there are roots that might not follow the rules. These roots are exceptions, which you will study later on. So, do not worry about them. The final notes now:

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Concluding Remarks

Thus, the first part of our study is now finished. A mere warming up, believe me. The next document will deal with the roots belonging to Houses 1, 4, 6 and 10 that form their bases irregularly. That document will prove a real challenge, no doubt. Get ready!

I have to ask you again not to study by heart. The Sanskrit knowledge is obtained through the repetitive practice, not through mere memory. For example, if you start translating some Sanskrit text later, you may face a sentence such as the following:

कथं विद्यां कृष्णम् - Kathaṁ vidyāṁ kṛṣṇam.

You say: OK, "katham" means "how?", and "kṛṣṇam" means "to Kṛṣṇa" (Accusative case, singular). But, what the hell does "vidyām" mean? Evidently, it derives from the root "vid" -to know, etc.- (belonging to Gaṇa 2). Well, the termination is obviously "yām". Therefore, you go to the page containing all Terminations and look for "yām" termination somewhere. You know that "vid" belongs to the second House or Gaṇa, and on account of that no terminations pertaining to the sets related to Houses 1, 4, 6 and 10 will be the one you seek. At last, you find out that the termination is the one being used to conjugate "vid" in Potential Mood (1^st Person singular, Parasmaipada, see it here in the set "only" for Gaṇa-s 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9). The termination is "yām", no doubt. You add it to the root "vid": vidyām. If this root would have belonged to either House 1, 4, 6 or 10, the termination to use would be "īyam". In this manner, the final result would have been "vidīyam"... but this is not the case, is it? Good!

Now, you have to resolve the problem of how to translate that conjugation in Potential Mood. For this purpose, you go read the above table in which I describe the various ways to understand a verb conjugated in Potential Mood according to the context, time, etc. Well, you read and read until you finally find that "Possibility" is the best interpretation for translating "vidyām"... "I might know"... or better "might I know", as the word is included within a question. You got it! It is "might I know". Well, you place this phrase in the sentence and the translation would read:

How (katham) might I know (vidyām) Kṛṣṇa (kṛṣṇam)? (you are a genious)

But, who is that Kṛṣṇa? Kṛṣṇa is your own Self. He lives in you, as You, dear pupil. See you soon.

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Further Information

This document was conceived by Gabriel Pradīpaka, one of the two founders of this site, and spiritual guru conversant with Sanskrit language and Trika philosophy.

For further information about Sanskrit, Yoga and Indian Philosophy; or if you simply want to comment, ask a question or correct a mistake, feel free to contact us: This is our e-mail address.