Protoshaivism - Appendix

An introductory study: Time Line

Published: May 20, 2003

Author: Andrés Muni
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Appendix of the first article originally in Spanish and brought to you in English by Gabriel Pradīpaka

The following time line consists of four columns:

The first column enlists the respective years.
The second one contains relevant facts occurred in India.
The third column relates to important events happening in Egypt and Middle East.
The last column enlists crucial facts occurred in the Mediterranean world.
When the fact comprehends the last three columns, it is implied a world-wide fact that did not occur necessarily in either India, Egypt and Middle East or the Mediterranean world. These facts appears in brown color.

YEAR BC	INDIA	EGYPT AND MIDDLE EAST	MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
30,000	Cro-Magnon - Development of complicated funeral rites
8,000	The rupestrian art appears - Man of Combe Chapelle also appears at this time
7,000		Anatolia: Çatal - Höyuk: Stone idols	Cyprus: Mother Goddess
6,000	Homo sapiens is the dominant species in the planet First cultivated fields in Persia, Mesopotamia and Egypt Beginning of the Neolithic period - Pottery development India: Codification of Shaivism
5,600			Cyprus: Stone idols
5,000		Predynastic Egypt - Cult of the bull
4,500		Anatolia: Copper industry Egypt: Phallic god called Min	Crete: Beginning of the Minoan period
4,000			China: Beginning of the Neolithic period
3,800	Development of the Indian civilizations		Malta: First megalithic monuments
3,500	Spreading of the megalithic monuments through Asia and Europe
3,500		Sumer: Arrival of the Sumerian people proceeding from India Prediluvian dynasties Egypt: The egyptians occupy the valley of Nile - First written documents	Malta: Temple of Skorba Cult of bull and phallus
3,200		Troy foundation	Cyprus: Statues of gods Crete: Copper industry
3,000		Sumer: Historic deluge Egypt: A unified monarchy is consolidated - Beginning of the first dynastic period (first and second dynasties) Malta: Temples of Ġgantija
2,800		Sumer: Postdiluvian dynasties - The first state-cities are founded	Crete: Apogee of the Minoan art
2,700	Migration of Aryan tribes
2,700	Protoindian writing	Troy: Sumptuous palaces Egypt: Beginning of the Ancient Empire (third and sixth dynasties) - Great pyramids	Cyprus: Cult of the bull
2,600			Crete: Development of cities
2,500	Apogee of Mohenjo Daro	Syria: Apogee of Ebla (semitic)	England: Stonehenge Malta: Total destruction of the Ġgantija civilization
2,400		Sumer: Reign of Sargon in Akkad	Malta: Culture of Tarxien
2,300		The Aryans set Troy and the Anatolian cities on fire	Cult of bull and phallus
2,100		Egypt: End of the Ancient Empire - Beginning of the first middle period (seventh to tenth dynasties), which gives way to the Middle Empire (eleventh and twelfth dynasties)	Crete-Egypt relationship China: Hia dynasty
2,000	Hymns of Ṛgveda	Sumer: End of the Sumerian dynasty	Greece: Arrival of the Achaeans Crete: Palace of Knossos Malta: End of the culture of Tarxien - Total destruction
1,890		Babylon: Suabum (Su-abu or Sumu-abum), first Semitic king
1,800	The Metal Age begins - Societies are hierarchically structured Big settlements arise - Agriculture is intensified
1,800		Egypt: Commencement of the second middle period (thirteenth to seventeenth dynasties) Abraham of Ur leaves Sumer bound for Canaan Mesopotamia: First Assyrian and Babylonian dynasties	Greek Aryans settle down in the Balkans Corsica: Faced phallic menhirs Italy: Valcamonica -Val Camonica or Camonica Valley- (labyrinths) China: Chang dynasty
1,700	Destruction of Mohenjo Daro by the Aryans	Syria: Destruction of Ebla by the Hittites (Aryans) Egypt: Invasion of the Asian Hyksos	Eruption of the volcano Santorini The palace of Knossos gets burnt Development of the Achaean culture
1,600		Departure of the Hebrews bound for Egypt Babylon: Plundering by the Hittites (Aryans) End of the Semitic dynasty
1,500	Struggle between Aryans and Dravidian for power	Babylon: Kassite domination Egypt: End of the second middle period - New Empire (eighteenth to twentieth dynasties)	Malta: New settlements Greece: The Achaeans occupy the Peloponnesus - The Mycenaean civilization begins
1,400	Aryan conquest of Northern India - War of Mahābhārata Atharvaveda: Śaiva doctrines are incorporated to the Aryan religion		Crete: End of the Minos' reign - Destruction of Knossos by the Achaeans - Minoan doctrines being assimilated to the Mycenaean religion (Aryan) - Mycenaean influence in Crete
1,300	Chāndogyopaniṣad	Egypt: Eighteenth dynasty (Tutmosis the Second and the Third, Amenhotep the Fourth) - Temples of Luxor and Deir-el-Bahari - Nineteenth dynasty (Seti the First and Rameses the Second) - Temples of Karnak and Abu-Simbel - Apogee of the Akhenaton's Empire, an attempt to adopt monotheism Babylon: The Assyrians (Semitic) take the city War of Troy The Hebrews are expelled from Egypt	Cyprus: Mycenaean colonization - Young gods Malta: Mycenaean influence Italy: Arrival of the Etruscans
1,200	Dorian invasion
1,200	Northern India is turned into Aryan	Iran is turned into Aryan Troy: Final destruction The non-Aryan Phrygians arrives in Anatolia from Thrace	Writing disappears from Greece The Dorians reach Southern Greece Italy: Aeneas, coming from Troy, settles down in Palatine Cyprus: Destruction on the part of the Dorians
1,100		Babylon: Nabuchodonosor the First (Semitic) Israel: Samuel establishes nobility - Beginning of the Judah reign Egypt: End of the New Empire	Mycenae: Destruction by the Dorians Crete: Total destruction by the Dorians Italy: The Latin (Aryan) tribes occupy Latium
1,000	The Aryans penetrate into Gujarat	Israel: Reign of David - Reign of Salomon Egypt: Commencement of the Low Empire
900	Brāhmī alphabet is adopted	Anatolia: Reign of Urartu (Aryan)	Greece: Homer - Reappearance of writing Malta: Phoenician influence
800	Aryan domination in the valley of Ganges		Cyprus: Assyrian and then Egyptian conquests Foundation of Carthage Greece: First olympic games
753			Rome foundation Greece: Hesiod
730			Greek settlers found Syracuse (Sicily)
710			Greece: Unification of the kingdoms of Attic
700			Italy: Beginning of the Etruscan art
680			Greece: Organization of Athens Colonization of Asia Minor up to the Black Sea Byzantium foundation
620		Mesopotamia: Destruction of Nineveh and Assyrian power
600	Transition from the Vedic culture to Hinduism Use of the Kharoṣṭhī alphabet	Babylon: Chaldean dynasty. Reign of Nabuchodonosor the Second Babylonians and Scythians take Ninive Jerusalem is captured by the Babylonians End of the Judah kingdom Captivity of the Jews in Babylon
562	Birth of Gautama Buddha
550		Destruction of Urartu by the Medes and Scythians Cyrus, Aryan king of Persia Babylon is taken by the Persians Invasion of Egypt Reign of Darius the First
500	The Achaemenid Empire comprehends from India to Greece The Persians annex India Sanskrit grammar by Pāṇini		Etruscan development in Northern Italy Etruscan apogee Rome is now an important city
483	Death of Buddha
480			The Persians destroy Athens
460			Greece: Age of Pericles (Plato, Herodotus) Athens is the center of the civilized world
429			Death of Pericles
396			Destruction of Veii (Etruscan) by the Romans (Aryan)
356			Alexander of Macedonia is born
350			End of the Etruscan Empire
330		Egypt: End of the Low Empire
326	Expedition of Alexander and subjugation of Gandhara
323			Death of Alexander in Babylon
321	Candragupta (Mauryan dynasty)
300	Megasthenes in the court of Candragupta
274	King Aśoka imposes Buddhism		Italy: End of the Etruscans The Romans take Tarentum
218			Malta: Roman occupation
206	Antiochus' (king of Syria) expedition to India
200	Sanskrit works by Patañjali
146	Ajanta		Carthage and Corinth are destroyed by the Romans
135		The Scythians invade Bactria	Greece is subjugated by Rome
26	Indian commission before Augustus

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